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Concepción, Chile

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Coordinates: 36°49′41.50″S 73°03′04.93″W / 36.8281944°S 73.0513694°W / -36.8281944; -73.0513694
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For other uses, see Concepción.

Concepción
La Concepción de María Purísima
del Nuevo Extremo (original name)
City and Commune
Concepción skyline
Flag of Concepcion
Flag
Coat of arms of Concepción
Coat of arms
Location in the Bío Bío Region
Location in the Bío Bío Region
Location in Chile
Location in Chile
Concepción
Location in Chile
Nicknames: 
Biobío's Pearl, The University City, The cradle of Chilean rock
Motto(s): 
La Capital del Sur de Chile
The Capital of Southern Chile
Coordinates (Alcalde's office): 36°49′41.50″S 73°03′04.93″W / 36.8281944°S 73.0513694°W / -36.8281944; -73.0513694
CountryChile
RegionBío Bío
ProvinceConcepción
FoundedOctober 5, 1550 [disputed – discuss]
Founded byPedro de Valdivia
Government
[1]
 • TypeMunicipality
 • AlcaldeHéctor Muñoz Uribe (PSC)
Area
 • City and Commune
222 km2 (86 sq mi)
Elevation
12 m (39 ft)
Population
 (2017[2])
 • City and Commune
223,574
 • Density1,318/km2 (3,410/sq mi)
 • Urban
719,944
 • Metro
971,285
DemonymPenquista
GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
 • Year2023
 • Total$22.0 billion[3]
Time zoneUTC−4 (CLT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−3 (CLST)
Post code
3349001
Telephone prefix56 + 41
ClimateCsb
Websitewww.concepcion.cl (in Spanish)

Concepción (Spanish pronunciation: [konseβˈsjon] ⓘ; originally: Concepción de la Madre Santísima de la Luz, "Conception of the Blessed Mother of Light") is a city and commune in south-central Chile, and the geographical and demographic core of the Greater Concepción metropolitan area, one of the three major conurbations in the country.[4] It has a significant impact on domestic trade[5] being part of the most heavily industrialized region in the country.[6] It is the seat of the Concepción Province and the capital of the Bío Bío Region. It sits about 500 km south of the nation's capital, Santiago.

The city was first settled in the Bay of Concepción, in the zone that would later become the commune of Penco, now part of the Concepción conurbation. The city's demonym, penquista, comes from the place of its original foundation. The city center and historic district is located in the Valle de la Mocha (La Mocha Valley), where it relocated after serious damage left by an earthquake in 1751.

The origin of Concepción dates back to 1550, when it was founded by Pedro de Valdivia as part of the Spanish Empire, under the name of Concepción de María Purísima del Nuevo Extremo, and was the capital of the Kingdom of Chile between 1565 and 1573, retaining the unofficial position of military capital[7] for the rest of the colonial period. The city was an important site in the struggle for Chile's independence, with the Chilean declaration of Independence being held at Concepción's Plaza de la Independencia. Until the election of Manuel Montt in 1851 as president, executive power in independent Chile was dominated by Concepción elites.[8]

The city is a known college town in Chile,[9][10] as it is home to numerous educational institutions, including the University of Concepción, the University of the Bío Bío, and the Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception. The commune also contains various historical bridges, murals, parks and lakes, as well as important cultural venues such as the Teatro Biobío, the Casa del Arte, the local Natural History Museum, and the Teatro Universidad de Concepción.

History

[edit]
Plan from 1744 showing the Bay of Concepción before the 1751 earthquake
Clothing of the inhabitants of Concepción in the early 19th century
House of a Mapuche cacique in Concepción in 1846

Concepción was founded by Don Pedro de Valdivia[11] in 1550 north of the Bío Bío River, at the site which is today known as Penco. At that time it was given the name Concepción de María Purísima del Nuevo Extremo (Mary Immaculate Conception of the New End). The new settlement of Concepción was just a few kilometers north of La Frontera (The Frontier), the boundary between Spanish territory and the land of the Mapuche, an American Indian ethnic group that remained independent until the 1870s. The settlement was formally recognized by the Spanish authorities as a town two years later by a royal decree. It was given a coat-of-arms that is still in use today.

At the time of the Spanish arrival to the Concepción area chronicler Jerónimo de Vivar noted local Mapuches wore gold and silver bracelets and "sort of crowns". This is interpreted either as Incan gifts, war spoils from defeated Incas, or the adoption of Incan metallurgy.[12]

Although Concepción was a significant military settlement for the Captaincy General of Chile, it was overrun and destroyed by Mapuche armies in 1554, and once again after being refounded in 1555. Concepción was restored during the governorship of García Hurtado de Mendoza when he landed there and built a fort on the Alto de Pinto in 1557. The town was refounded once more on January 6, 1558, by captain Jerónimo de Villegas. It became the headquarters of the military forces engaged against the Mapuche in La Araucanía over the next two centuries, growing to a population of 10,000 despite a siege in 1564 and other attacks by the Mapuche. Concepción was the home of the Real Audiencia from 1565 to 1575.

Earthquakes and tsunamis, which razed the town in 1570, 1657, 1687, 1730 and 1751, led the authorities to move the town to its current site in the Valle de la Mocha, alongside the Bío Bío River; the old site lay empty until March 29, 1842, when the present town of Penco was founded.

The new site for the town of Concepción became the main town of the Intendancy of Concepción, whose jurisdiction extended from the Maule River to La Frontera. The first Intendant of Concepción was the Irishman Ambrose O'Higgins, Marquis of Osorno, who later became Royal Governor of Chile and Viceroy of Peru.

When the First National Government Board met in Santiago on September 18, 1810, citizens of Concepción joined up. Concepción was used as the point of entry by the Spanish Army in the attempt by the Viceroyalty of Peru to re-conquer Chile. Concepción politicians and soldiers became a significant political force in the newly independent country.

On January 1, 1818, Ambrose O'Higgins's son, Bernardo O'Higgins, proclaimed and took the oath of the Chilean War of Independence in the main square of Concepción, which since then has been known as "Plaza de la Independencia". Until the moment of independence, the city had been the scene of various engagements in its old and new settlements.

On February 20, 1835, the town again was largely destroyed by an earthquake and had to be rebuilt.

By 1875, a key British community and German colony existed within the province. By 1895, there was an even larger Spanish presence.[13]

The Universidad de Concepción, founded in 1919, became the first secular private university in Chile. The neighboring harbor of Talcahuano is the site of the largest naval base in Chile.

On February 27, 2010, an 8.8 magnitude earthquake struck the city of Concepción, killing more than 521 people and injuring thousands nationwide. Following the earthquake, geologists relying on global positioning satellite (GPS) data concluded that the city had been displaced roughly 3 meters (9.8 feet) to the west as a result of the event.[14] The tsunami that followed missed the city.[15]

After the 2010 Chile earthquake, a prison riot began in Concepción's El Manzano prison following a failed escape attempt by the inmates. Different parts of the prison were set on fire and the riot was controlled only after the guards shot into the air and received help from military units.[16] As of March 5, 2010, a Peruvian field hospital has been deployed to the city.[17]

Seismology

[edit]

Like most of the Chilean territory, the Concepción region is seismically active, with much of Concepción destroyed by a violent earthquake in 1939. An earthquake in 1953 damaged 15% of the town's buildings. Another major earthquake in 1960 had a nearby epicenter.[18]

On February 27, 2010, an earthquake of 8.8 magnitudes struck at 35.846°S, 72.719°W, 115 km (71 mi) NNE of the city. The United States Geological Survey said the earthquake struck at 0334 GMT on Saturday at a depth of 35 km (22 mi). The effects were felt as far away as São Paulo, Brazil—4,620 kilometres (2,870 mi).

Education

[edit]

Concepción is known as "the university city"[19][20] thanks to the numerous universities within the urban agglomeration,[21] such as the Universidad de Concepción, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción and Universidad del Biobío. This city also has numerous headquarters for many other universities. In addition, this metropolis has a large educational offer, focused on institutes, centers of technical formation and the universities aforementioned.

The campanile of the Universidad de Concepción
Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción
Siglo XXI at the University of the Bío Bío
The Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción headquarters, located at the Laguna Las Tres Pascualas

Universities

[edit]

The University Pencopolitana whose name was Pontificia Universidad Pencopolitana de La Concepción (Pontifical Pencopolitana University of The Conception) was an old university founded through a decree of the Bishop of Concepción, delivered to the administration of the Society of Jesus which functioned between the years 1724 and 1767. On May 24, 1751, an earthquake followed by a tsunami, ravaged the city causing serious damage, including the destruction of the library of the university and all of its funds. As a product of the fury of the waters, a rich collection of texts of the governance of southern Chile were lost, which resulted in a disaster for the culture and collective memory of the city. Due to the natural disasters, it was decided to relocate the city to the called Valle de la Mocha, location where it is currently situated. Slowly the seminary was revived in the new location, in a period of decline in academic activity in Chilean monastic universities after the creation of the Universidad de San Felipe, yet some degrees continued to be granted before the Suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1767. The aforementioned University is considered to be the natural and legitimate predecessor of the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), erected by the Archbishop of Concepción in 1991, from the Talcahuano Regional Headquarters of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

The image of the Pontifical University of Concepción Pencopolitana, is still valid, for His Majesty King Juan Carlos I of Spain in his 1990 speech on the occasion of his inauguration as Doctor Honoris Causa in the University of Chile, in Santiago de Chile, said: "The work of the Pontifical University Pencopolitana should not be ignored, even before the creation of the University of San Felipe" (Juan Carlos's account fails to acknowledge the existence of San Felipe's predecessor, the Dominican Universidad de Santo Tomás de Aquino, from the sixteenth century in Santiago).

Meanwhile, the University of Chile allowed schools in the city to teach courses in law which allowed men to obtain a law degree. Among its students was Henry Urrutia Manzano, who decades later became president of the Supreme Court of Chile.

The Universidad de Concepción was created in 1919 by a group of citizens including Enrique Molina Garmendia, its first rector.

Eventually, the university began to receive state support, becoming part of the traditional universities, becoming one of the three most important universities in the country, and the most important at the regional level.

Traditional universities

[edit]

Private universities

[edit]

Professional institutes

[edit]

Primary and secondary schools

[edit]

The city has a French international school, the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle and a German school, the Colegio Alemán de Concepción, and two British schools, the Saint John's School and the Wessex School. The French school is located in the city downtown, the Wessex in Concepcion (nearer to Penco) and the German school and the Saint John's both in the San Pedro de la Paz area.[22]

The defunct Concepción College was a parochial girls' day school and boarding school, established in 1878 by the Methodist Episcopal Church.[23][24]

Transportation

[edit]

The city is served by Carriel Sur International Airport in Talcahuano. The metro area's public transportation comprises a number of bus lines that run through several avenues and streets of the communes belonging to the agglomeration, as well as the commuter rail system known as Biotrén.

Climate

[edit]

The climate of Concepción is classified as Köppen: Csb, warm summer mediterranean , with a dry mild summer. The cool waters of the Pacific Ocean help to maintain mild temperatures throughout the year. Temperatures rarely exceed 30 °C (86 °F) or fall below 0 °C (32.0 °F). In the six-month period between May and October, the city receives approximately 83% of its total annual precipitation, which totals 1,130 mm (44 in). The wettest month since records began in 1912 was June 2000 with 565.7 millimetres (22.3 in), whilst all months from November to April have been rainless on occasions.[25]

Climate data for Concepción, Chile (Carriel Sur International Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1966–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.1
(93.4) 		34.4
(93.9) 		30.9
(87.6) 		27.2
(81.0) 		25.8
(78.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.6
(81.7) 		32.5
(90.5) 		33.4
(92.1) 		34.4
(93.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		21.3
(70.3) 		18.4
(65.1) 		15.7
(60.3) 		13.8
(56.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		18.0
(64.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		13.3
(55.9) 		11.7
(53.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		10.0
(50.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		15.9
(60.6) 		13.1
(55.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		10.0
(50.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		7.7
(45.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		5.7
(42.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		6.2
(43.2) 		7.4
(45.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		8.3
(46.9)
Record low °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3) 		3.6
(38.5) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		1.6
(34.9) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−3.8
(25.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 9.9
(0.39) 		14.9
(0.59) 		22.2
(0.87) 		68.8
(2.71) 		151.6
(5.97) 		221.2
(8.71) 		168.1
(6.62) 		148.9
(5.86) 		77.2
(3.04) 		53.2
(2.09) 		27.2
(1.07) 		21.1
(0.83) 		984.3
(38.75)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.2 1.7 2.5 5.5 9.7 13.9 12.4 11.5 7.2 5.9 3.9 2.6 78.0
Average relative humidity (%) 74 76 79 83 87 87 85 83 81 79 77 75 81
Mean monthly sunshine hours 327.6 279.3 252.3 185.4 131.0 111.9 133.6 154.3 196.2 244.6 286.2 317.0 2,619.4
Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile[26][27][28]
Source 2: NOAA (precipitation days 1991–2020)[29]

As might be expected for such a large urban area heavily dependent on wood-burning for heat and diesel for transport, the air in Concepción is third-most polluted in Chile, after Santiago and Temuco.[30]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1970 161,006—    
1982 267,891+4.33%
1992 326,784+2.01%
2002 216,061−4.05%
2017 223,574+0.23%
Source: 1970–1992,[31] 2002,[32] 2017[33]

According to data collected in 2002 in the Census of the National Institute of Statistics, the township has an area of 221.6 km2 (86 sq mi) and a population of 216,061 inhabitants, of whom 103,860 are men and 112,201 are women.

As a commune, Concepcion is home to 14.35% of the total population of the region. 1.88% (4,058 persons) is for the rural population and 98.12% (212,003) for the urban population. Moreover, 5.5% of the country's population lives in the Greater Concepción metro area.

Between 1970 and 1982 there is a large increase in the population. One reason is the inclusion of San Pedro, segregated from the municipality of Coronel.

The Concepción commune population sharply declined in 1996 as its territory was divided, creating Chiguayante and San Pedro de la Paz. The number of people living in these communes has grown quickly since they have become bedroom communities of Concepción, i.e. residential cities that do not have a center with many shops, as is the case of Concepcion.

There is a significant percentage of foreign residents in the city, the most numerous are the Spanish, Italian and US expatriate communities. There are also smaller segments of German, French, British, Dutch, Greek, Portuguese, Croatian, Scandinavian, Arab and Australian descendants in a city settled by waves of immigration.

Cultural life

[edit]
Fireworks in celebration for the arrival of 2007 in Concepción

To an outsider, there may be confusion between the demonyms of the inhabitants of Concepción and the nearby city of Penco. Due to the previous location of Concepción being where Penco currently stands, inhabitants of Concepción are called penquistas while inhabitants of Penco are known as pencones. Additionally, the unofficial term pencopolitano has been coined to refer to locals of any commune belonging to the metropolis or, in a wider definition, to the Concepción province, although the term penquista can technically be used in this case as well.

Rock en Conce festival, 2020.

In 2014, the Rock en Conce festival began to take shape. It would be held outdoors, in the city's Parque Bicentenario (Bicentennial Park), and access to it would be free. The aim of the festival would be to restore the musical spotlight that the city embodied and that earned it the reputation of being the cradle of Chilean rock and, at the same time, to establish itself as a major tourist attraction for the city.[34] Its first edition took place on Saturday, March 7, 2015, and since then it has been held with great success every year at the end of each summer, bringing together emerging local bands with major and renowned artists from the national and international scene.[35]

The Los Tres band was born in the city of Concepción

Music

[edit]

Concepción has been described as the "Chilean capital of rock",[36][37] since numerous bands of this genre have started their careers in the city, such as Los Tres, Los Bunkers, Emociones Clandestinas, Santos Dumont, De Saloon, Machuca and Julius Popper, among others. Numerous bands have played their first major concerts in the city, such as Los Prisioneros.[38]

The city's music venues are a main feature of the tourist route, La Ruta de la Música, a project driven by the National Service of Tourism (SERNATUR), where besides the rock scene, the local jazz and folk scenes are also shown.[39]

Sports

[edit]

Concepción was one of the host cities of the official 1959 Basketball World Cup, where Chile won the bronze medal.

Today, Concepción is home to three professional football teams:

The most notable professional basketball team is:

Economy

[edit]
Concepción is the second commercial nucleus of Chile. In the image, the Concepción Central Market

Historically characterized by a strong manufacturing industry, Concepción has also been a major center for distribution and services and the financial basis of the regional economy.

Commerce

[edit]

Trade in the city is concentrated in the Plaza Independencia (Independence Square), the pedestrian street Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga (built in 1981), and along the major avenues. One such avenue is the Diego Barros Arana street which has developed into the commercial center of the city and the region was until 1907 even known as "calle Comercio" ("Commerce Street"). New commercial centers are being developed around the old central station and the new civic district as a part of the Chilean bicentennial (September 18, 2010). A considerable percentage of local trade is taking place in settlements around the city, in communes such as Hualpén, Talcahuano and San Pedro de la Paz, where there are bustling shopping centers, such as Mall Plaza del Trébol, and where there is a constant commercial development.

Other commercial spots, related to food, are the Vega Monumental and Mercado Central de Concepción (Central Market of Concepción) places offering various services and agricultural and livestock products.

Administration

[edit]

As a commune, Concepción is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2016–2020 mayor was Álvaro Ortiz Vera (Christian Democratic Party), who was first elected in 2012. The communal council has 10 seats, which are currently occupied (2016–2020) by three for Christian Democratic Party, two for National Renewal, two for Independent Democrat Union, one for Communist Party, one for Socialist Party, and one for Radical Party. The following members are:[1]

Seats Councillor Party
1 Fabiola Troncoso Alvarado Christian Democratic
2 Yanina Contreras Álvarez National Renewal
3 Jaime Monjes Farias Christian Democratic
4 Emilio Armstrong Delpin I.D.U.
5 Christian Paulsen Espejo-Pando I.D.U.
6 Joaquin Eguiluz Herrera National Renewal
7 Alex Iturra Jara Communist
8 Boris Negrete Canales Christian Democratic
9 Patricia Garcia Mora Socialist
10 Ricardo Trostel Provoste Radical

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Concepción is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Gaston Saavedra (PS), José Miguel Ortiz (PDC), Jaime Toha (PS), Felix Gonzalez (PEV), Enrique Van Rysselberghe (UDI), Sergio Bobadilla (UDI), Francesca Muñoz (RN) and Leonidas Romero (RN), as part of the 21st electoral district (Concepción Province without Lota). The commune is represented in the Senate by Alejandro Navarro Brain (MAS) and Jacqueline Van Rysselberghe (UDI) as part of the 12th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Costa).

Notable citizens

[edit]
[edit]
  • Arch of the Faculty of Medicine University of Concepción
    Arch of the Faculty of Medicine University of Concepción
  • Caja Los Andes Building in downtown Concepción
    Caja Los Andes Building in downtown Concepción
  • The hotel Araucano of Concepción in the center of the city
    The hotel Araucano of Concepción in the center of the city
  • View of Ecuador Park, on the slopes of Cerro Caracol
    View of Ecuador Park, on the slopes of Cerro Caracol
  • The Concepción Cathedral from the Plaza de la Independencia
    The Concepción Cathedral from the Plaza de la Independencia
  • Palace of the Court of Appeals of Concepción
    Palace of the Court of Appeals of Concepción
  • The avenue O'Higgins
    The avenue O'Higgins
  • Casa de Pedro del Río
    Casa de Pedro del Río
  • Buildings in Concepción
    Buildings in Concepción
  • Spanish Center
    Spanish Center
  • Civic center
    Civic center
  • Presencia de América Latina, mural declared national monument of Chile
    Presencia de América Latina, mural declared national monument of Chile

Notable events

[edit]

A 23 year old Chilean forestry student named Jorge Matute disappeared mysteriously in a discotheque that was located close to Concepción on 20 November 1999. In February 2004 on a road in Santa Juana, Matute's remains were found and identified.[40]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

Concepción's sister cities are:

See also

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Municipality of Concepción" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  2. ^ National Statistics Institute of Chile (January 2009). "Ciudades, Pueblos, Aldeas y Caseríos 2019". INE.cl. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  3. ^ "TelluBase—Chile Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  4. ^ Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Muñiz Olivera, Iván; García-López, Miguel Ángel (August 2009). "Estructura urbana y policentrismo en el Área Metropolitana de Concepción" [Urban structure and polycentrism in the Metropolitan Area of Concepción] (PDF). EURE (in Spanish). 35 (105). Santiago. doi:10.4067/S0250-71612009000200003.
  5. ^ "Concepción: la nueva capital de negocios del sur de Chile – soyconcepcion.cl". soychile.cl. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  6. ^ Riffo Pérez, Luis (2004). "Crecimiento y disparidades regionales en Chile, una visión de largo plazo" (PDF). Estadística Económica. México: Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geográfica, INEG, Censos Económicos: 129–152. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2013.
  7. ^ Enciclopedia regional del Bío Bío (in Spanish). Pehuén Editores. 2006. p. 44. ISBN 956-16-0404-3.
  8. ^ Silva V., Fernando (1974). "La Organización Nacional" [National Organization]. In Villalobos R., Sergio; Silva G., Osvaldo; Silva V., Fernando; Patricio, Estelle M. (eds.). Historia de Chile [History of Chile] (in Spanish) (14th ed.). Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria. ISBN 978-956-11-1163-9. LCCN 75527429. OCLC 1259676.
  9. ^ Carta Abierta (March 2016). "Sernatur y Concepción: La ciudad universitaria por excelencia del sur de Chile". cartaabierta.cl. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  10. ^ Radio Usach (July 10, 2020). "Álvaro Ortiz, alcalde de Concepción por coronavirus: "Hay que terminar con los discursos triunfalistas"". radiousach.cl. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  11. ^ Ida Stevenson Weldon Vernon (1969) Pedro de Valdivia, Conquistador of Chile, Greenwood Press
  12. ^ Silva Galdames, Osvaldo (1983). "¿Detuvo la batalla del Maule la expansión inca hacia el sur de Chile?". Cuadernos de Historia (in Spanish). 3: 7–25. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  13. ^ Edmundson, William (2009). A History of the British Presence in Chile: From Bloody Mary to Charles Darwin and the Decline of British Influence. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 126. ISBN 9780230114838.
  14. ^ "Chile quake moves city more than 10 feet". CNN. March 9, 2010. Archived from the original on March 12, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
  15. ^ Harrell, Eben (March 4, 2010). "Quake Response Doesn't Live Up to Chile's Self-Image". Time. Archived from the original on March 6, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
  16. ^ El Mercurio, March 1. Cuerpo C, page C13
  17. ^ UKPA, "Foreign hospitals help out Chile"[dead link‍], March 6, 2010 (accessed March 6, 2010)
  18. ^ John Milton Nickles, Marie Siegrist (1965) Bibliography and Index of Geology Exclusive of North America, Geological Society of America, v.28
  19. ^ "Concepción". bblatinamerica.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012.
  20. ^ "Turismo en Concepción 2017: Vacaciones de verano en Concepción". welcomechile.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  21. ^ www.universia.cl. "MAPA GEOGRAFICO DE LAS UNIVERSIDADES SOCIAS DE UNIVERSIA". universia.cl. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  22. ^ "DSC Colegio Alemán de Concepción - DSC". Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  23. ^ Anuario de la prensa chilena 1892 (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Biblioteca Nacional. 1893. p. 41. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  24. ^ Methodist Episcopal Church Missionary Society (1908). Annual Report of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Society. p. 461. Retrieved July 27, 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  25. ^ Climate explorer for Concepción
  26. ^ "Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos" (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  27. ^ "Temperatura Histórica de la Estación Carriel Sur, Concepción. (360019)" (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  28. ^ "Estadistica Climatologica Tomo II" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. March 2001. pp. 89–161. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
  29. ^ "Carriel Sur Aeropuerto Concepción Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  30. ^ Severe air pollution plagues Chilean cities Archived May 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Friday, June 29, 2007 – 21:00 UTC
  31. ^ According to Last 5 census, the INE
  32. ^ According to Census 2002, operated by the INE. Note that the population decreased in number due to the areas that by then were no longer part of the commune.
  33. ^ 2017 census.
  34. ^ "Festival "Rock en Conce" ya tiene fecha y lugar". Televisión Nacional de Chile. December 31, 2014.
  35. ^ María Ignacia Inostroza (March 19, 2019). "#FotosRP: ¡Todo un éxito Rock En Conce 2019!". Rock & Pop.
  36. ^ Biobiochile.cl (March 2018). "Inauguran hito "Concepción: Capital del Rock" en antesala de festival REC 2018" (in Spanish). Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  37. ^ Ricardo Mahnke. "Concepción, ¿cuna del rock? - Documentary" (in Spanish). Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  38. ^ Nuestro.cl. "El sorprendente sonido penquista" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  39. ^ ThisisChile.cl. "La "Ruta de la Música" por Concepción" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  40. ^ "Restos de Jorge Matute Johns llegaron a Concepción (in Spanish)". La Nación. April 28, 2005. Archived from the original on April 29, 2005.
  41. ^ "Concepción". bethlehem-city.org. Bethlehem. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  42. ^ "Cidades Irmãs". campinas.sp.gov.br (in Portuguese). Campinas. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  43. ^ Diario Crónica: Concepción y Cascavel son ciudades hermanas[permanent dead link‍]
  44. ^ Convenio de hermanamiento[permanent dead link‍], en El universo Guayaquil
  45. ^ "Medellín (Antioquia / Colombia)". museovirtualug.org (in Spanish). Universidad de Guanajuato. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  46. ^ "Acuerdos interinstitucionales registrados por dependencias y municipios de Nuevo León". sre.gob.mx (in Spanish). Secretaría de relaciones exteriores. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  47. ^ "Acuerdo de Hermanamiento entre Concepción y Nanjing!". citydiplomacy.org (in Spanish). May 30, 2018. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  48. ^ "Concepción y La Plata, ciudades hermanas". Archived from the original on May 20, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  49. ^ El Diario 24 (July 19, 2013). "San Miguel de Tucumán y Concepción de Chile ahora son ciudades hermanas".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ Ilustre Municipalidad de Concepción (October 28, 2014). "Concepción se hermanó con Wuhan". Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
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