List of wars: 1900–1944
This is a list of wars that began between 1900 and 1944.
This period saw the outbreak of World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945), which are among the deadliest conflicts in human history, with many of the world's great powers partaking in total war and some partaking in genocides. Depending on the source consulted, conflict deaths reached an all-time peak in either 1941 or 1942 at 2.96–7.71 million, during the height of the latter conflict.[1]
Besides the aforementioned world wars, a number of smaller conflicts also took place. In Africa, conflicts of this era were mostly fought between European colonial forces on one side and native kingdoms and insurgents on the other, though there are exceptions (e.g. the Italo-Turkish War, as well as intercolonial invasions of German, Italian and Vichy French possessions in the World Wars). Likewise, Southeast Asia saw a large variety of native rebellions against the American, European and Japanese colonial empires, while also seeing the intercolonial Pacific War.
Other parts of Afro-Eurasia, as well as the Americas, saw a wide variety of conventional wars, civil wars, ethnic or political conflicts, revolutions, and small rebellions. Prior to 1940, Australia saw only sporadic conflict as the frontier wars entered its final stages. However, in World War II, Australia became the site of Axis naval activity and air raids.
1900–1909
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1910–1919
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1920–1929
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1930–1944
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Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Deaths in conflicts by source". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g Niblock, Tim (January 1987). Class and Power in Sudan: The Dynamics of Sudanese Politics, 1898–1985. SUNY Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-4384-1466-9.
Primary resistance took three forms. First. nabi 'Isa movements emerged in the northern Sudan, among parts of the population which had been strongly influenced by Mahdism. Such movements were based on the belief, emanating from Islamic eschatology, that the anti-Christ (al-daffal) who had destroyed the rule of the Mandi and his successor would in due course be defeated by Jesus (nabi 'lea) descending from heaven and leading the Muslims to victory. A number of self-professed nabi 'Isas arose in the years following 1898. Even the more successful of these, however, only managed to secure a very localised support. The principal nabi 'Isa uprisings were those staged by Muhammad al-Amin in Tegale (1903); Adam Wad Muhammad in Sennar (1904); 'Abd al-Qadir Wad Habbuba in the Gezira (1908)' Faki Najm al-Din in Kordofan (1912); and Ahmad 'Umar in Darfur (1915).
Second, sporadic tribal uprisings took place in the southern Sudan and in the Nuba mountains over the first 30 years of Condominium rule. Of particular importance was the Nuer resistance, led by Den-gkur and Diu (1899–1908); the Zande resistance under Sultan Yam-bio (1900–1905); the scattered but continuing incidents in the Nuba mountains (going up to 1918); the risings among the Agar Dinka (1901) and the Atwot Dinka (1903–10); and the widely-based rising among the Nuer in 1927' The Condominium authorities suppressed these uprisings mainly by despatching punitive expeditions, with the occasional aerial bombardments in the period which followed the First World War. - ^ "Frontier and overseas expeditions from India". 1907.
- ^ Rasoul, Rasoul (2017). "History of Kirkuk from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until Becoming Part of the Iraqi Monarchy in 1925" (PDF). db-thueringen.de. Faculty of Philosophy, University of Erfurt. p. 118.
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The kingdom was able to last until 1901, when the French conquered it as part of their conquest of the Niger River/Sahara region
- ^ White, John Albert (2002-06-27). Transition to Global Rivalry: Alliance Diplomacy and the Quadruple Entente, 1895–1907. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-52665-4.
Revolutionary activity began in Central Asia well before the St. Petersburg events of January 1905. The railway workers at Kala-i-Mor near Kushka struck in 1902 and the Russian railway workers of Tashkent demonstrated on May 1, 1904. Central Asia was thus prepared to join in the great strike of October 1905 and did so formally and officially on a signal from the strike committee of Ashkhabad at midnight on the night of October 13–14. The Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich who was then in Tashkent noted on October 26 that the strike appeared to be over and it officially ended the next day only to begin again when the First Tashkent Reserve Battalion and other units mutinied on November 15. General Dean Ivanovich Subotich, who was sent in early 1906 to take over the troubled city of Tashkent, tried, at a time of administrative weakness, to restore order by appeasing the terrorists and revolutionaries, thus assisting them. When the government began to regain control of the situation, Subotich and his assistant, General V. V. Sakharov, were relieved of their commands. The government never lost complete control of the region and by early 1907 it was once more in command of the situation.
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- ^ a b c d Katagiri, Noriyuki (2015). Adapting to Win: How Insurgents Fight and Defeat Foreign States in War. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 197. ISBN 9780812246414.
- ^ Intelligence Branch, Army Headquarters, India (1907). Frontier And Overseas Expeditions From India Vol. 2. Low Price Publications. p. 445. ISBN 978-1845743536.
- ^ Baldry, John (1976). "Anglo-Italian Rivalry in Yemen and ʿAsīr 1900–1934". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 155–193. doi:10.2307/1570344. ISSN 0043-2539. JSTOR 1570344.
- ^ Becker, Seymour (2004-08-02). Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-134-33583-1.
With Russia's permission Bukharan officials finally began to collect taxes in Shugnan-Roshan in March 1903, and they immediately met with opposition from the inhabitants, who had just weathered a particularly severe winter with great losses of cattle and crops. The Russian authorities at Khorog and Tashkent tried to steer a middle course between the population and the Bukharan officials, persuading the inhabitants not to revolt or flee while prevailing upon the emir's government to ease the tax burden. Russia's efforts were to no avail, and open rebellion occurred in Vakhan, where the intervention of Russian troops from a nearby Russian frontier post was necessary to free ten Bukharan tax collectors and to suppress the disorders. The Russians arrested the rebel leaders and turned them over to the Bukharan administration. Governor General N.A.Ivanov sent his diplomatic attaché, A.Polovtsev, to investigate the disturbances and explain to the population that Russia expected them to obey their own government and would not tolerate any failure to do so. Ivanov meanwbile departed from the policy of his predecessor by urging the immediate annexation of Shugnan-Roshan.
- ^ The Idrisi State in Asir 1906–1934: Politics, Religion and Prestige in Arabia. Hurst Publishers. 1997. pp. 33, 34. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
- ^ "( 1903 ) -". Retrieved 12 December 2014.
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- ^ "Britain Sokoto Conquest 1903". www.onwar.com. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
- ^ Collett, Nigel (2006-10-15). The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer. A&C Black. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-85285-575-8.
- ^ Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh (2014-08-07). Frontier Fictions: Shaping the Iranian Nation, 1804–1946. Princeton University Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 9781400865079.
- ^ a b c d e Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ a b c Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 83. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 81. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ a b Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 84. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ a b Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 97. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ a b c Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 95. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 91. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Berberian, Houri (2001). Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911. Westview Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-0-8133-3817-0.
- ^ Jack A. Goldstone. The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions Routledge, 29 apr. 2015 ISBN 1135937583 p 245
- ^ a b c "Records of the Kurds: Territory, Revolt and Nationalism, 1831–1979 – Cambridge Archive Editions". www.archiveeditions.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
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- ^ a b c d e Yılmazçelik, İbrahim. "ersim Sancağının Kurulmasından Sonra Karşılaşılan Güçlükler ve Dersim Sancağı ile İlgili Bu Dönemde Yazılan Raporlar (1875–1918)" (PDF). dergiler.ankara.edu.tr (in Turkish).
- ^ "Arabia, Yemen, and Iraq 1700-1950 by Sanderson Beck". www.san.beck.org. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud still had to put down occasional revolts by the tribes. In May 1907 the Mutair tribe was defeated at Majma'a and pardoned. They rebelled again and were defeated at Buraida.
- ^ Klein, Janet (2011-05-31). The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone. Stanford University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8047-7775-9.
- ^ Popkin, Samuel L.; Popkin, Samuel L. (1979-06-11). The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. University of California Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-0-520-03954-4.
1908 Annam: Scholar-led peasant revolt against taxes and corvee (works in connection with Nong Son coal mine then under way) and imposition of iron currency.
- ^ "MOHMAND EXPEDITION". Kalgoorlie Miner (WA : 1895 – 1954). 27 May 1908. p. 5. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
- ^ "Arabia, Yemen, and Iraq 1700–1950 by Sanderson Beck". www.san.beck.org. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
Buraida's Governor Muhammad Aba al-Kehil rebelled in 1908, and after his defeat the Saudi prince restored him.
- ^ Childs, William John (May 1935). The Seven Independent Arabian States [Yemen, 'Asir, Hijaz, Najd, Kuwait, Jabal Shammar and al-Jawf]. British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers. p. 318. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
- ^ Al-Rajibi, Ahmad (1980). النجوم الزواهر في شجرة الأمير ناصر (in Arabic). دار الحرية،. p. 188.
- ^ a b Becker, Seymour (2004-08-02). Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924. Routledge. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-134-33583-1.
In the next few years further evidence of this inability was provided by several minor uprisings - such as one in Kulab in 1910 and another in Hisar in 1913 - which were suppressed only with the aid of Russian troops.
- ^ Henriksen, Thomas H. (1978). Mozambique: a history. Collings. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-86036-017-9.
- ^ Lee, Mai Na M. (2015-06-16). Dreams of the Hmong Kingdom: The Quest for Legitimation in French Indochina, 1850–1960. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-299-29884-5.
- ^ Henige, David (1979). History in Africa. African Studies Association. p. 54.
By the time Portuguese military expeditions reached Kasanje in 1910, intent on effective occupation and "pacification," only regional chieftains, some still claiming the kinguri title, remained to resist their advance. Portuguese military commanders seized and destroyed the regalia of the kinguri position in 1912, thereby ending the history of the state by burning the symbols in which had inhered the power of its kings.
- ^ Sykes, Sir Percy (2013-09-27). A History Of Persia. Routledge. p. 423. ISBN 978-1-136-52597-1.
- ^ St John, Ronald Bruce (4 June 2014). Historical Dictionary of Libya. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 316. ISBN 9780810878761.
- ^ a b c Eskander, Saad (2014). "Britain's Policy Towards The Kurdish Question, 1915–1923" (PDF). etheses.lse.ac.uk. pp. 44, 45, 217.
- ^ "File 4684/1913 'Pt 1 Muscat rebellion'". Qatar Digital Library. 2016-06-08. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- ^ Association, Cheke Cultural Writers (1994). The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples. The Association. p. 101. ISBN 9789982030069.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bang, Anne (1997). The Idrisi State in Asir 1906–1934. pp. 104, 111, 113, 118, 122, 123. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
- ^ a b c d Henning, Barbara (2018-04-03). Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family in Imperial and Post-Imperial Contexts: Continuities and Changes. University of Bamberg Press. pp. 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327. ISBN 9783863095512.
- ^ a b Abegaz, Berhanu (2018-06-09). A Tributary Model of State Formation: Ethiopia, 1600–2015. Springer. p. 48. ISBN 9783319757803.
- ^ Vos, Jelmer (2015). Kongo in the Age of Empire, 1860–1913: The Breakdown of a Moral Order. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 350. ISBN 9780299306243.
- ^ a b Minahan, James (2002-05-30). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 350. ISBN 9780313076961.
- ^ Lundahl, Mats; Lundius, Jan (2012-10-02). Peasants and Religion: A Socioeconomic Study of Dios Olivorio and the Palma Sola Religion in the Dominican Republic. Routledge. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-134-68765-7.
- ^ Contesting Colonial Discourse: Rewriting Murut History of Resistance in British North Borneo from 1881 to 1915 http://ejournals.ukm.my/akademika/article/download/3037/1935
- ^ Peil, Margaret; Oyeneye, Olatunji Y. (1998). Consensus, Conflict, and Change: A Sociological Introduction to African Societies. East African Publishers. p. 115. ISBN 978-9966-46-747-8.
The second important reaction was the Sadiavahe movement (1915-17). This was an armed peasant uprising which first began in the south-west on the left bank of the river Menarandra in early February 1915 and spread very quickly to the districts of Ampanihy and Tsihombe. The Sadiavahe stole cattle, attacked villages, cut telegraph wires. and withdrew into hiding-places well away from the posts controlled by the administration. They formed bands, ranging in number from ten to forty members at most, which were extremely mobile. Among the reasons why entire villages gave open or clandestine support to the Sadiavahe was the acute poverty of the population as a result of the very infrequent but violent rainfall, the imposition of a cattle tax, and the far-reaching of fats of the First World War, which had led to the mobilisation of people and to food shortages.
- ^ Davis, Ronald W. (1975). "The Liberian Struggle for Authority on the Kru Coast". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 8 (2): 222–265. doi:10.2307/216649. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 216649.
- ^ Sokol, Edward Dennis (2016). The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. JHU Press. p. 136. ISBN 9781421420509.
These Yomud Turkomans situated along the Persian border proved much more difficult to deal with. These Yomuds had shown their rebellious disposition before when in 1912 and 1915 those subject to the Khivan khanate revolted. In 1915 an attack was organized against the city of Khiva and was beaten off only with the help of Russian troops under General Galkin.
- ^ Grataloup, Christian (2019). Die Geschichte der Welt Ein Atlas (in German) (8th ed.). Germany: C. H. Beck (published 2022). pp. 347 page. ISBN 978-3-406-77345-7.
- ^ Dijk Van, Kees (2007). The Netherlands Indies and the Great War, 1914–1918. p. 453. doi:10.26530/OAPEN_389234. ISBN 9789067183086.
- ^ In Union with him and Bey Madamin counter-revolutionary robber bands with July 10, 1919, to January 1920.
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- ^ Supporters of Habibullah had fought in alliance with such films only in northern Afghanistan
- ^ Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee
- ^ The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account p. 13
- ^ Adamec, Ludwig W. (1975). Historical and Political Who's who of Afghanistan (PDF). Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 166. ISBN 978-3-201-00921-8.
There was an abortive uprising by the Safi regiment in his favour in June 1920. This regiment was raised in Tagao by Sardar Inayatullah.
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- ^ a b Peterson, J. E. (2016-08-05). Defending Arabia. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-317-22999-5.
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- ^ Poullada, Leon B. (1973). Reform and rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919–1929: King Amanullah's failure to modernize a tribal society. Cornell University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780801407727.
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39. Tuncay, Tek-Parti, pp. 127–128 n., gives a list of eighteen rebellions as recorded in Türkiye Cumhuriyeti nde Ayaklanmalar (1924–1938), which is an official version of Turkish military history as written by the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces in 1972. Tuncay considers the Nestorian (Nasturi) rebellion of September 1924 not directly connected to the Kurdish rebellions. The following list is from Tuncay. (1) Nestorian (Nasturi) rebellion (12–28 September 1924); (2) Sheikh Said rebellion (13 February–31 May 1925); (3) Raçkotan and Raman pacifying operations (9–12 August 1925); (4) Sason (Sasun) rebellion (1925–1937); (5) First Ağri (Ararat) rebellion (16 May–17 June 1926) Koçuşaği rebellion (7 October–30 November 1927); (7) Mutki rebellion (26 May–25 August 1927); (8) Second Ağri (Ararat) rebellion (13–20 September 1927); (9) Bicar suppression (7 October–17 November 1927); (10) Asi Resul rebellion (22 May-3 August 1929); (11) Tendürük rebellion (14–27 September 1929); (12) Savur suppression (26 May-9 June 1930); (13) Zeylan rebellion (20 June-beginning of September 1930); (14) Aramar rebellion (16 July-10 October 1930); (15) Third Ağrı (Ararat) rebellion (7–14 November 1930); (16) Pülümür rebellion (8 October-14 November 1930); (17) Menemen rebellion (December 1930); (18) Tunceli (Dersim) suppression (1937–1938)
- ^ Boxberger, Linda (2012-02-01). On the Edge of Empire: Hadhramawt, Emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s–1930s. SUNY Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780791489352.
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Approximately three months after Arabistan, in 1928, the Iranian regime occupied Baluchistan after the defeat of Baluchi forces at the hands of the army of the founder of the Pahlavi line, Reza Shah Pahlavi.
- ^ Rehman, Zia (2014). "The Baluch insurgency: linking Iran to Pakistan" (PDF). files.ethz.ch. p. 1.
In 1928 independent West Baluchistan (today the Sistan and Baluchistan Province of Iran) was forcibly annexed to Iran by Reza Shah Pahlavi
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But everything changed after Reza Shah's military campaign in 1928–35 which brought Baluchistan under Persian control (Arfa 1964: Ch. 13). The tribes were "pacified" and forced to accept the suzerainty of the Shah. Consequently raiding was suppressed, and gradually the tribes were disarmed. Control was imposed over thehakomates, with vari-ous oasis forts knocked down by the Shah's artillery.
- ^ Ritter, William S. (1990). "Revolt in the Mountains: Fuzail Maksum and the Occupation of Garm, Spring 1929". Journal of Contemporary History. 25 (4): 547–580. doi:10.1177/002200949002500408. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260761. S2CID 159486304.
- ^ – حركات التمرد ضد السلطان عبدالعزيز – كتاب مقاتل من الصحراء Archived 18 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine
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1933: Siege of Matun, the capital of the Afghan province of Khost, by the Mohmands. 1937: Uprising of the Mohmand, the Shinwari and the Sulayman Khel section of the Ghilzai. 1938: Abortive tribal movement under the Shami Pir to oust King Zahir Shah
- ^ Russell, Aidan (2019). Politics and Violence in Burundi: The Language of Truth in an Emerging State. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9781108499347.
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The situation enabled the army to successfully respond to simultaneous internal disturbances, including the Katawz rebellion in 1937–39, the Shinwari revolt of 1938, Alizai-Durani unrest in 1939, and the 1944–45 rebellion of the Safi tribe in eastern Kunar province.
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his father helped to mediate three tribal uprisings—one among the Zadran tribe in Paktia Province, the Safi uprising in 1945 (about which Qazi Amin had little information), and an uprising among the Shinwari, which he believed occurred in the late 1930s or early 1940s.
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Qazi Amin knew the most about the Shinwari upheaval, which he said centered around Shinwari leader Muhammad Afzal's right to keep fifty militiamen whose salaries were paid by the government. Qazi Amin believed that Afzal was holding out for increased privileges from the government, and when he didn't get his way, he attacked the local government base and set up his own government. Because his father had lived a long time in the Shinwari area, he was in a position to mediate between the government and Afzal, who eventually gave up his opposition.
- ^ Martin, Mike (2014). An Intimate War: An Oral History of the Helmand Conflict, 1978–2012. Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0190237912.
The two monarchs from the dynasty, Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah, did not immediately learn from the lessons of Amanullah and faced a number of serious rebellions in their early years, such as in the winter of 1938/9. The government was carrying out a campaign for compulsory (male) education, which was used as a rallying cry by Alizai mullahs who said that female education would be next-a red line for the tribes of the south. what started as an Alizai disturbance quickly spread to the other tribes and there was a confrontation between the government and the tribesmen at Yakhchal, near Gereshk, which was eventually resolved when the government employed aircraft (bought from the British) against the tribesmen.
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New revolts occurred in 1943 and 1945 and were quelled in blood.
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