Jump to content

Baptism for the dead

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Proxy baptism)
Floorplan of the Nauvoo Temple basement. The basement of the temple was used as the baptistery, containing a large baptismal font in the center of the main room.

Baptism for the dead, vicarious baptism or proxy baptism today commonly refers to the religious practice of baptizing a person on behalf of one who is dead—a living person receiving the rite on behalf of a deceased person.

Baptism for the dead is best known as a doctrine of the Latter Day Saint movement, which has practiced it since 1840. It is currently practiced by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), where it is performed only in dedicated temples, as well as in several other current factions of the movement. Those who practice this rite view baptism as an essential requirement to enter the Kingdom of God, and therefore practice baptism for the dead to offer it by proxy to those who died without the opportunity to receive it. The LDS Church teaches that those who have died may choose to accept or reject the baptisms done on their behalf.

Baptism for the dead is mentioned in (1 Corinthians 15:29) as proof of a physical resurrection, though the exact meaning of the phrase is an open question among scholars. The plainest reading of the Greek text suggests vicarious baptisms performed by the living on behalf of the deceased, but some scholars dispute whether Paul approved of the practice or whether the verse truly refers to an actual physical practice among early Christians.[1] Early heresiologists Epiphanius of Salamis (Panarion 28) and Chrysostom (Homilies 40) attributed the practice respectively to the Cerinthians and to the Marcionites, whom they identified as heretical "Gnostic" groups, while Ambrosiaster and Tertullian affirmed that the practice was legitimate and found among the New Testament Christians (though Tertullian later recanted his original beliefs in his later life as he became associated with Montanism).[2] The practice was forbidden by the Councils of Carthage in the last decade of the fourth century AD, and is therefore not practiced in modern mainstream Christianity, whether Nestorian, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, or any traditional Protestant churches.

Practice

[edit]

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

[edit]
Main article: Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

In the practice of the LDS Church, a living person, acting as proxy, is baptized by immersion on behalf of a deceased person of the same sex. Baptism for the dead is an ordinance of the church, performed only in temples, and is based on the belief that baptism is required for entry into the Kingdom of God.[3]

Community of Christ

[edit]

Some members of the early Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church; now known as the Community of Christ) also believed in baptism for the dead,[4] but it was never officially sanctioned by that organization and was considered highly controversial.[4][5]

At a 1970 church world conference, a revelation and two letters written by Joseph Smith appertaining to baptism for the dead were removed as sections and placed in the appendix of the RLDS Church's Doctrine and Covenants;[6] at a 1990 world conference, the three documents were removed entirely from the RLDS Church's scriptural canon.[7]

Other churches of the Latter-day Saint Movement

[edit]

In the Restoration Branches movement, which broke from the RLDS Church in the 1980s, the question of baptism for the dead is at best unsettled. Many adherents reject the validity of the ordinance completely.[8] Others[who?] regard it as a legitimate rite, the permission for which has been withdrawn by God ever since the Latter Day Saints failed to complete the Nauvoo Temple within the specified time frame.[citation needed]

Other Latter Day Saint denominations that accept baptism for the dead include the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), The Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite), and the Righteous Branch (Christ's Church). The Strangite Church performed baptisms for the dead during the 1840s in Voree, Wisconsin, and later during the 1850s on Beaver Island, Michigan. In each case, the practice was authorized on the basis of what James J. Strang reported as a revelation. The question of whether the Strangite Church still practices proxy baptism is an open one, but belief is considered orthodox.[9]

Other Christian churches

[edit]

As part of their sacraments, the New Apostolic Church and the Old Apostolic Church also practice baptism for the dead, as well as Communion and Sealing to the Departed. In this practice a proxy or substitute is baptised in the place of an unknown number of deceased persons. According to NAC and OAC doctrine the deceased do not enter the body of the substitute.

Early Christianity

[edit]

Latter-day Saint scholar John A. Tvedtnes says: "Baptism for the dead was performed by the dominant church until forbidden by the sixth canon of the Council of Carthage (397). Some of the smaller sects, however, continued the practice."[10] He does not give the text of that canon, which, if it is included in Canon 18 of The Code of Canons of the African Church, reads: "It also seemed good that the Eucharist should not be given to the bodies of the dead. For it is written: 'Take, Eat', but the bodies of the dead can neither 'take' nor 'eat'. Nor let the ignorance of the presbyters baptize those who are dead."[11]

Epiphanius of Salamis (between 310 and 320 – 403) reported that he had heard it said that, among followers of Cerinthus, if one of them died before baptism, another was baptized in that person's name:

For their school reached its height in this country, I mean Asia, and in Galatia as well. And in these countries I also heard of a tradition which said that when some of their people died too soon, without baptism, others would be baptized for them in their names, so that they would not be punished for rising unbaptized at the resurrection and become the subjects of the authority that made the world.[12]

John Chrysostom (c. 347–407) mockingly attributes to the Marcionites of the late 4th century a similar practice: if one of their followers who was being prepared for baptism died before receiving baptism, the dead person's corpse was addressed with the question whether he wished to be baptized, whereupon another answered affirmatively and was baptized for the dead person.[13]

1 Corinthians 15:29

[edit]

In the context of insisting that "in Christ shall all be made alive .. Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ's",[14] Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 15:29: "Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? why are they then baptized for the dead?" Different views have been expressed on the meaning of the phrase "baptized for the dead", and on whether Paul gave his approval to the practice.

Meanings of the verb baptizein

[edit]

The Greek verb in Paul's phrase "baptized for the dead" is baptizein, which in Jewish Greek has a wider reference than "baptism", applying primarily to the masculine noun baptismos "ritual washing"[15] The verb occurs four times in the Septuagint in the context of ritual washing, baptismos: Judith cleansing herself from menstrual impurity, Naaman washing seven times to be cleansed from leprosy, etc.[16] In the New Testament only, the verb baptizein can also relate to the neuter noun baptisma "baptism", a neologism unknown in the Septuagint and other pre-Christian Jewish texts.[17] This broadness in the meaning of baptizein is reflected in English Bibles rendering "wash", where Jewish ritual washing is meant, for example in Mark 7:4, which states that the Pharisees "except they wash (Greek "baptize"), they do not eat",[18] and "baptize" where baptisma, the new Christian rite, is intended. The older ritual washing use of baptizein is relevant in the context of funerals since any Jew coming into contact with the dead body must undertake ritual washing.[19] During the Second Temple and early Rabbinical period the regulations on "ritual washing" (Greek masculine noun baptismos) expanded and multiplied. This is documented in the Halakhah Tractate Yadayim[20] and Dead Sea Scrolls[21] Peter Leithart (2007) suggests that Paul's comment "why do they.." is an analogy between baptism (i.e. neuter concept noun baptisma) with Jewish ritual washing (i.e. masculine concrete noun baptismos) for contact with the dead following the Mosaic regulations in Numbers 19.[22] The phrase "ritually washed for the dead" does not occur in intertestamental literature, but a possibly related idea of prayer for the dead occurs in 2 Maccabees. Since the New Testament idea of "baptism" (Greek baptisma), the rite of baptism, is not mentioned in the verse, it is open to interpretation whether the verb baptizein refers to "ritual washing" (Greek baptismos) or "the rite of baptism" (Greek baptisma) or is an analogy between both.[23]

Meaning of the phrase

[edit]

Tertullian's (155-220 AD) earliest writings affirm the assumption that the Corinthians practiced vicarious baptisms on behalf of the deceased and seem to affirm the legitimacy of the practice. In one of his first written works, On the Resurrection of the Flesh, he writes "Now it is certain that they adopted this (practice) with such a presumption that made them suppose that the vicarious baptism (in question) would be beneficial to the flesh of another in anticipation of the resurrection."[24] Tertullian much later, however, (around the time that he begins to display Montanist influences), reinterprets the Corinthians passage and argues, instead, against baptisms performed for the dead. In his book, Against Marcion, he says that the practice ("whatever it may have been") to which Paul alluded in 1 Corinthians 15:29 witnessed to belief in bodily resurrection, something that Marcion denied, and that, "baptized for the dead" must mean "baptized for the body," which is destined to die and rise again.[25]

Ambrosiaster, the author of a commentary on Paul's epistles, written between 366 and 384 AD, also affirmed the practice among the earliest Christians, noting "that some people were at that time [New Testament period] being baptized for the dead because they were afraid that someone who was not baptized would either not rise at all or else rise merely in order to be condemned."[26]

John Chrysostom (347-407 AD), opposed to a literal reading of 1 Corinthians 15:29, explained Paul's mention of people being "baptized for the dead" as a reference to the profession of faith they made in their own future resurrection before being baptized.[13]

Some interpret "baptized for the dead" as a metaphor for martyrdom, as in Mark 10:38 and Luke 12:50 baptism is a metaphor for suffering or martyrdom; accordingly they would translate it as "being baptized with a view to death".[27] In this interpretation, the phrase is closely linked with what Paul says immediately afterwards[28] of the suffering that he himself faces and is enabled to endure precisely because of his faith in his resurrection.[29][30] This interpretation is similar to that of John Chrysostom.

Others interpret the phrase as referring to simple baptism of an individual. Martin Luther regarded it as a practice of being baptized above (the first of the meanings of the preposition ὑπέρ, generally translated in this passage as for)[31] the tombs of the dead. John Calvin saw it as a reference to being baptized when close to death.[27]

The simplest reading of the text sees the phrase as referring to vicarious baptism on behalf of dead people performed in the belief that the dead were thereby benefitted in some way. This belief is put forward as the reason why, when Paul compares the Corinthians' experience to that of the Israelites in crossing the Red Sea and being fed on manna, he insists that the Israelites were not thereby prevented from sinning.[27]

Possible approval by Paul

[edit]

The HarperCollins Study Bible acknowledges the plain reading of the text that Paul was literally speaking about baptisms being performed on behalf of the deceased, and writes, "why the Corinthians practiced baptism on behalf of the dead is unknown; see also 2 Macc 12.44-45."[32] The 2 Maccabees passage speaks about the similar practice of performing sacrifices for the dead among Intertestamental Jews. The evangelical Tyndale Bible Dictionary, instead, concludes that Paul probably did not approve the practice of baptism for the dead. He refers to its practitioners as "they", not as "you" (the Corinthian Christians to whom he wrote).[33] The note in the Catholic New American Bible is more cautious: "Baptized for the dead: this practice is not further explained here, nor is it necessarily mentioned with approval, but Paul cites it as something in their experience that attests in one more way to belief in the resurrection."[34] In this, it stays close to what Tertullian wrote in the year 207 or 208, when he said that Paul's only aim in alluding to the practice of baptism for the dead, "whatever it may have been", was "that he might all the more firmly insist upon the resurrection of the body, in proportion as they who were vainly baptized for the dead resorted to the practice from their belief of such a resurrection."[35]

Other views

[edit]

Elaine Pagels (1992) seeks to explain 1 Corinthians as having reference to the Valentinian sect later numbered among the "Gnostic" heresies.[36] However, Pagels' view of Paul's epistles is not supported by other scholars.

Joel R. White argues from the context of the passage that 1 Cor 15:29 is referring to the apostles, especially Apollos and Paul himself.[37]

LDS Church practice and teachings

[edit]
Baptismal font in the Salt Lake Temple, circa 1912, where baptisms for the dead are performed by proxy. The font rests on the backs of twelve oxen representing the Twelve Tribes of Israel

Members of the LDS Church believe that baptism is a prerequisite for entry into the kingdom of God as stated by Jesus in John 3:5: "Except that a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God" (KJV).

The LDS Church teaches that performing baptisms for the dead allows this saving ordinance to be offered on behalf of those who have died without accepting or knowing Jesus Christ or his teachings during their mortal lives. It is taught that this is the method by which all who have lived upon the earth will have the opportunity to receive baptism and to thereby enter the Kingdom of God.

Among other Biblical references, Latter-day Saints cite Peter's statements that Jesus preached to the spirits of the dead (KJV 1 Peter 3:19; 4:6) as evidence that God in his justice provides an opportunity for the deceased to hear and accept the gospel, if they don't receive that chance in mortality. As Peter affirmed in Acts 2:37–38, the next step after acceptance of the gospel is baptism for the remission of sins, which "doth also now save us" (KJV 1 Peter 3:21).

The LDS Church teaches that those in the afterlife who have been baptized by proxy are free to accept or reject the ordinance done on their behalf. Baptism on behalf of a deceased individual is not binding if that individual chooses to reject it in the afterlife.[3][38]

Any member of the LDS Church, male or female, beginning in the year they turn 12 years old and holds a current temple recommend may act as a proxy in this ordinance. Men must also hold the Aaronic priesthood prior to entering the temple. Men act as proxy for deceased men, and women as proxy for deceased women. The concept of a spiritual proxy is compared by some in the LDS Church to the belief that Jesus acted as proxy for every human when he atoned for the sins of the world.[39]

Historically, only adult male holders of the Melchizedek priesthood who had undergone the endowment ordinance were permitted to baptize others as proxies for the dead. In 2018, this policy was changed to allow boys who hold the Aaronic priesthood office of priest, generally between 15 and 18-years old, to officiate in baptisms for the dead.[40]

Modern origin

[edit]

According to the LDS Church, the practice of baptism for the dead is based on a revelation received by the prophet Joseph Smith. Smith first taught the doctrine at the funeral sermon of a deceased member of the church, Seymour Brunson.[41] In a letter written on October 19, 1840, to the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (who were on a mission in the United Kingdom at the time), Smith refers to the passage in 1 Corinthians 15:29 (KJV):

I presume the doctrine of 'baptism for the dead' has ere this reached your ears, and may have raised some inquiries in your minds respecting the same. I cannot in this letter give you all the information you may desire on the subject; but aside from knowledge independent of the Bible, I would say that it was certainly practiced by the ancient churches; and Saint Paul endeavors to prove the doctrine of the resurrection from the same, and says, 'Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? Why are they then baptized for the dead?'[42]

LDS Church scripture expands further upon this doctrine and states that such baptisms are to be performed in temples.[43] Vicarious baptism is performed in connection with other vicarious ordinances in temples of the LDS Church, such as the endowment and celestial marriage.

Initially, women could be baptized for dead men, and vice versa; this, however, was changed in order to ensure that the person being baptized for a dead man could also be ordained on their behalf to the priesthood.[44]

Genealogy and baptism

[edit]

The LDS Church teaches that deceased persons who have not accepted, or had the opportunity to accept, the gospel of Christ in this life will have such opportunity in the afterlife. The belief is that as all must follow Jesus Christ, they must also receive all the ordinances that a living person is expected to receive, including baptism. For this reason, members of the LDS Church are encouraged to research their genealogy. This research is then used as the basis for church performing temple ordinances for as many deceased persons as possible. As a part of these efforts, Latter-day Saints have performed temple ordinances on behalf of a number of high-profile people, including the Founding Fathers of the United States,[45][46][47] U.S. Presidents,[45] most Catholic popes,[48][49] John Wesley,[45] Christopher Columbus,[45] Adolf Hitler,[48] Joan of Arc,[48] Genghis Khan,[48] Joseph Stalin,[48] and Gautama Buddha.[48]

While members of the LDS Church consider vicarious ordinances for the deceased an act of compassionate service, some non-members have taken offense. Sensitive to the issue of proxy baptizing for non-Mormons not related to church members, the church in recent years has published a general policy of performing temple ordinances only for relatives.[50] For example, the church is in the process of removing sensitive names (such as Jewish Holocaust victims) from its International Genealogical Index (IGI). D. Todd Christofferson of the church's Presidency of the Seventy stated that removing the names is an "ongoing, labor intensive process requiring name-by-name research .... When the Church is made aware of documented concerns, action is taken .... Plans are underway to refine this process."[51] The LDS Church keeps records of the temple ordinances performed for deceased persons; however, FamilySearch, a web application for accessing the church's genealogical databases, shows information on temple ordinances only to registered LDS Church members and not to non-members.[52]

In 2008, a directive from the Vatican Congregation for the Clergy directed Catholic dioceses to prevent the LDS Church from "microfilming and digitizing information" contained in Catholic sacramental registers so that those whose names were contained therein would not be subjected to vicarious Mormon baptism.[53][54] Earlier, the Vatican had declared that Mormon baptisms were invalid.[55]

Groups ineligible to participate in LDS baptisms for the dead

[edit]
See also: Mormonism and women, Black people and Mormonism, Homosexuality and the LDS Church, and Transgender people and the LDS Church

Some groups of people were historically or are currently ineligible for performing and/or participating in the ordinance of baptisms for the dead. Priesthood ordination to at least the office of a priest is required before performing any baptisms for the dead, and all women continue to be barred from LDS priesthood ordination as of 2024.[56] For about 130 years (between 1847 and 1978) priesthood ordinations were also denied to all Black men in a controversial priesthood racial restriction.[57][58]: 164 [59]: 261  From the mid-1960s until the early 1970s under church president David O. McKay, Black members of all genders were barred from participating in any baptisms for the dead.[60]: 119 

As of 2023, all priesthood ordinations, and participating in baptisms for the dead continue to be denied for any person in a same-sex marriage or homosexual sexual relationship, and transgender individuals including trans men continue to be ineligible for all priesthood ordinations.[61][62][63] Ordinances such as receiving the priesthood necessary to perform baptisms or participating in baptisms for the dead are only done according to birth sex.[63][64]: 64  Transgender individuals who are "attempting to transition to the opposite gender" cannot maintain a temple recommends necessary for baptisms for the dead.[65][66][67] These restrictions have also garnered criticism from both outside,[68][69][70] and inside the LDS church.[71][72][73]

Controversy

[edit]
See also: Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Baptism for the dead

Jewish Holocaust victims

[edit]

The LDS Church performs vicarious baptisms for individuals regardless of their race, sex, creed, religion, or morality.[citation needed] Some members of the LDS Church have been baptized for both victims and perpetrators of The Holocaust, including Anne Frank and Adolf Hitler, contrary to modern church policy.[74] Some Jewish Holocaust survivors and some Jewish organizations have objected to this practice.

Since the early 1990s, the LDS Church has urged members to submit the names of only their own ancestors for ordinances, and to request permission of surviving family members of people who have died within the past 95 years.[75] Hundreds of thousands of improperly submitted names not adhering to this policy have been removed from the records of the church.[76] Church apostle Boyd K. Packer has stated the church has been open about its practice of using public records to further temple ordinance work.[77]

Despite the guidelines, some members of the church have submitted names without adequate permission. In December 2002, independent researcher Helen Radkey published a report showing that, following a 1995 promise from the church to remove Jewish Holocaust victims from its International Genealogical Index, the church's database included the names of about 19,000 who had a 40 to 50 percent chance "to be Holocaust victims ... in Russia, Poland, France, and Austria."[78][79] Genealogist Bernard Kouchel searched the International Genealogical Index, and discovered that many well known Jews had been vicariously baptized, including Maimonides, Albert Einstein, and Irving Berlin, without family permission.[80][81]

Church official D. Todd Christofferson told The New York Times that the church expends massive amounts of resources attempting to purge improperly submitted names, but that it is not feasible to expect the church to find each and every last one, and that the agreement in 1995 did not place this type of responsibility on the centralized church leadership.[82]

Jewish groups, including the Simon Wiesenthal Center, spoke out against the vicarious baptism of Holocaust perpetrators and victims in the mid-1990s and again in the 2000s when they discovered the practice, which they consider insensitive to the living and the dead, was continuing.[83][84] The associate dean of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, Abraham Cooper, complained that infamous figures such as Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun appeared on LDS genealogical records: "Whether official or not, the fact remains that this is exactly the kind of activity that enraged and hurt, really, so many victims of the Holocaust and caused alarm in the Jewish community."[48][85]

In 2008, the American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors announced that, since church members had repeatedly violated previous agreements, it would no longer negotiate with the church to try to prevent vicarious baptism. Speaking on the anniversary of Kristallnacht, Ernest Michel, a Holocaust survivor who reported on the Nuremberg Trials, speaking as the honorary chairman of the American Gathering of Holocaust Survivors, called on the LDS Church to "implement a mechanism to undo what [they] have done", and declared that the LDS Church had repeatedly violated their agreements, and that talks with Mormon leaders were now ended. Jewish groups, he said, would now turn to the court of public opinion for justice.[86] Michel called the practice a revision of history that plays into the hands of Holocaust deniers, stating: "They tell me, that my parents' Jewishness has not been altered but ... 100 years from now, how will they be able to guarantee that my mother and father of blessed memory who lived as Jews and were slaughtered by Hitler for no other reason than they were Jews, will someday not be identified as Mormon victims of the Holocaust?"[86]

Church officials, in response, stated that the church does not teach that vicarious baptisms coerce deceased persons to become Mormons, nor does the church add those names to its list of church members.[87][88] Church officials have also stated that, in accordance with the 1995 agreement, it has removed more than 300,000 names of Jewish Holocaust victims from its databases, as well as subsequently removing names later identified by Jewish groups. Church officials stated in 2008 that a new version of the FamilySearch application had been developed and was being implemented in an effort to prevent the submission of Holocaust victim names for temple ordinances.[89]

In February 2012, the issue re-emerged after it was found that the parents of Holocaust survivor and Jewish rights advocate Simon Wiesenthal were added to the genealogical database.[90] Shortly afterward, news stories announced that Anne Frank had been baptized by proxy for the ninth time, at the Santo Domingo Dominican Republic Temple.[91]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Taylor, N. H. (2002). "Baptism for the Dead (1 Cor 15:29)?". Neotestamentica. 36 (1/2): 111–120. JSTOR 43049114.
  2. ^ Everett Ferguson Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy 2009 p299 "Tertullian twice in an antiheretical context comments on 1 Corinthians 15:29, "baptism for the dead." 4. Later writers say the Marcionites practiced baptism on behalf of the dead. 5. It was also said that they ..."
  3. ^ a b "Baptisms for the Dead". Gospel Topics. LDS Church.
  4. ^ a b "Baptism For The Dead". Centerplace.org. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  5. ^ "Differences That Persist between the RLDS and LDS Churches" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  6. ^ "Appendix A: Section 107" Archived 2021-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, "Appendix B: Section 109" Archived 2021-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, "Appendix C: Section 110" Archived 2018-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, Doctrine and Covenants (RLDS 1970 ed.).
  7. ^ Doctrine and Covenants (RLDS 1990 ed.).
  8. ^ Smith, B. Mildred, "A Response to Paul Trask, Part Way To Utah", CenterPlace.org, archived from the original on 2007-05-18
  9. ^ "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints – Mormons – Baptism for the Dead". Strangite.org. 2004-01-01. Archived from the original on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  10. ^ Tvedtnes, John A. (February 1977). "Proxy Baptism". Ensign.
  11. ^ Orthodox Church Fathers: Christian Theology Classics
  12. ^ Panarion 28, 6.4[usurped]
  13. ^ a b "John Chrysostom, Homily XL on 1 Corinthians". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
  14. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:22–23
  15. ^ "masculine noun baptismos 4x NT uses". Blueletterbible.org. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  16. ^ Philippe Wolff Baptism: The Covenant and the Family 2009 p45 "This word occurs but four times in the Septuagint, and in no case with the Baptist meaning. 1st. "Judith baptized herself in a fountain of water, by the camp." (Judith xii. 7.) She was then purifying herself from her uncleanness."
  17. ^ Jonathan David Lawrence Washing in Water: Trajectories of Ritual Bathing in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006), p294
  18. ^ ἐὰν μὴ βαπτίσωνται οὐκ ἐσθίουσιν.`
  19. ^ Geoffrey Wigoder The Encyclopedia of Judaism 1989 p768 "The dead body renders the house in which it is situated and anyone coming in contact with the body ritually impure, tame met. ... (ritual washing of the body). Any person touching a corpse must wash his hands as soon as possible"
  20. ^ Jacob Neusner The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism 2000 "TRACTATE YADAYIM I. AN OUTLINE OF THE HALAKHAH OF YADAYIM The hands are deemed perpetually unclean, a realm of uncleanness — fingertips to wrist — distinct from the rest of the body.
  21. ^ Lawrence.Washing in Water: Trajectories of Ritual Bathing in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006) chapter Dead Sea Scrolls
  22. ^ Peter J. Leithart The Baptized Body 2007 p136 "Paul uses a distancing third person—"they" baptize for the dead. Why not "we"? Paul might well be referring to Jewish practices. Under the ceremonial laws of Torah, every washing was a washing "for the dead" (cf. Num. 19). Uncleanness was a ceremonial form of death, and through washings of various sorts the unclean dead were restored to life in fellowship with.."
  23. ^ Alan C. Mitchell, Daniel J. Harrington (2007) Hebrews, p. 119. "2. instruction about cleansings, laying on of hands, resurrection of the dead, and eternal judgment: The word for "cleansings", baptismos, is not exclusively used for Christian baptism, as is baptisma" (BDAG, 165)
  24. ^ Paulsen, David L.; Mason, Brock M. (2010). "Baptism for the Dead in Early Christianity". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 19 (2). Brigham Young University.
  25. ^ (Against Marcion 5, 10
  26. ^ Ambrosiaster, Commentary on Paul's Epistles, Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 81.175; see Gerald Bray, ed., Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1999), 166.
  27. ^ a b c Tyndale Bible Dictionary, 2001, ISBN 978-0-8423-7089-9, article Baptism for the dead
  28. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:30–32
  29. ^ "What does the Bible mean when it refers to the "Baptism of the dead?"". Christiananswers.net. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  30. ^ "Baptism for the Dead". Visual Bible Alive. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  31. ^ "Liddell and Scott: ὑπέρ". Artfl.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  32. ^ Attridge, Harold W., et al., editors. The HarperCollins Study Bible: New Revised Standard Version, Including The Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. HarperSanFrancisco, 2006.
  33. ^ Tyndale Bible Dictionary (Tyndale House 2001 ISBN 978-0-8423-7089-9), P. 146
  34. ^ "New American Bible, note on 1 Corinthians 15:29". Usccb.org. 2011-03-13. Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  35. ^ "Tertullian, Against Marcion, book V, chapter 10". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  36. ^ Elaine H. Pagels The gnostic Paul: gnostic exegesis of the Pauline letters 1992 p83 "Paul now argues his case for the resurrection from the practice of baptism for the dead. ... According to their own sacramental practice, the pneumatic elect receive baptism for "the dead" that is, for the psychics."
  37. ^ White, Joel (1997). ""Baptized on Account of the Dead": The Meaning of 1 Corinthians 15:29 in its Context". Journal of Biblical Literature. 116 (3): 487–499. doi:10.2307/3266670. JSTOR 3266670.
  38. ^ Condie, Spencer J. (July 2003). "The Savior's Visit to the Spirit World". Ensign. LDS Church: 32–36. No one will be coerced into accepting ordinances performed on his or her behalf by another. Baptism for the dead offers an opportunity, but it does not override a person's agency. But if this ordinance is not performed for them, deceased persons are robbed of the choice to accept or reject baptism.
  39. ^ Hinckley, Gordon B. (1981). Be Thou an Example. Deseret Book. p. 133. In the sanctity of their appointments we commune with him and reflect on his Son, our Savior and Redeemer, the Lord Jesus Christ, who served as proxy for each of us in a vicarious sacrifice in our behalf.
  40. ^ Curtis, Larry D. (14 December 2017), LDS policy changes to allow youth to officiate, assist in temple baptisms, KUTV, retrieved January 11, 2018
  41. ^ Cook, Lyndon; Andrew F. Ehat (June 1991). The Words of Joseph Smith. Grandin Book Co. p. 49. ISBN 0-910523-39-8.
  42. ^ History of the Church 4:231.
  43. ^ Doctrine and Covenants Covenant 124:29, Covenant 127:5-10 and Covenant 128
  44. ^ Brigham Young (August 31, 1873), Journal of Discourses 16:160.
  45. ^ a b c d Wilford Woodruff (1878), D. W. Evans, Geo. F. Gibbs; et al. (eds.), The Journal of Discourses of Brigham Young, His Counselors, and the Twelve Apostles, vol. 19, Liverpool, England: William Budge, p. 229, … two weeks before I left St. George, the spirits of the dead gathered around me, wanting to know why we did not redeem them. Said they, "You have had the use of the Endowment House for a number of years, and yet nothing has ever been done for us. We laid the foundation of the government you now enjoy, and we never apostatized from it, but we remained true to it and were faithful to God." These were the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and they waited on me for two days and two nights. The thought never entered my heart, from the fact, I suppose, that heretofore our minds were reaching after our more immediate friends and relatives. I straightway went into the baptismal font and called upon Brother McCallister to baptize me for the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and fifty other eminent men, making one hundred in all, including John Wesley, Columbus, and others; I then baptized him for every President of the United States, except three; and when their cause is just, somebody will do the work for them.
  46. ^ Wilford Woodruff (April 1898), Conference Report of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, pp. 89–90, Those men who laid the foundation of this American government and signed the Declaration of Independence were the best spirits the God of heaven could find on the face of the earth. They were choice spirits, not wicked men. General Washington and all the men that labored for the purpose were inspired of the Lord...Everyone of those men that signed the Declaration of Independence, with General Washington, called upon me, as an Apostle of the Lord Jesus Christ, in the Temple at St. George, two consecutive nights, and demanded at my hands that I should go forth and attend to the ordinances of the House of God for them.
  47. ^ Benson, Ezra Taft (1977). "God's Hand in Our Nation's History, 1976 Devotional Speeches of the Year". Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University. pp. 307–9. The temple work for the fifty-six signers of the Declaration of Independence and other Founding Fathers has been done. All these appeared to Wilford Woodruff when he was president of the St. George Temple. President George Washington was ordained a high priest at that time. You will also be interested to know that, according to Wilford Woodruff's journal, John Wesley, Benjamin Franklin, and Christopher Columbus were also ordained high priests at that time. When one casts doubt about the character of these noble sons of God, I believe he or she will have to answer to the God of heaven for it. Yes, with Lincoln I say: "To add brightness to the sun or glory to the name of Washington is. . . impossible. Let none attempt it. In solemn awe pronounce the name and in its deathless splendor, leave it shining on."
  48. ^ a b c d e f g Thiessen, Mark (April 9, 2005). "Jews, Mormons to meet over baptism for the dead". The Salt Lake Tribune. Associated Press.
  49. ^ Tom Heneghan (4 February 2007), "Will Pope Benedict become a Mormon after he dies?", Reuters, Paris, Pope John Paul II was baptized not once but four times in April 2006, in line with Mormon practice of waiting a year before starting these rites. He died on April 2, 2005. His name was purged from the online IGI, so a normal search will not find them. But his four now-anonymous files are still in the database and three still show his parents' names.
  50. ^ FamilySearch : Who you can do ordinances for
  51. ^ Mormons Renew Their Vow to Stop Baptizing Deceased Jews, 13 December 2002, retrieved 2013-08-30
  52. ^ Finding Ordinance Dates on the International Genealogical Index (IGI) (PDF), retrieved 2012-02-27, To see ordinance information in the IGI, members must be registered in FamilySearch.org as a Church member.[permanent dead link‍]
  53. ^ Powell, Kimberly (May 5, 2008), "Vatican Orders Catholic Parish Registers Off-Limits to LDS Church", Genealogy. About.com, About.com, archived from the original on 2012-11-18, retrieved 2014-03-26
  54. ^ Muth, Chaz (May 2, 2008), "Vatican letter directs bishops to keep parish records from Mormons", Catholicnews.com, Catholic News Service/United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, archived from the original on May 6, 2008, retrieved 2014-03-26
  55. ^ Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (2001-06-05), Response to a 'dubium' on the validity of baptism conferred by "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", called "Mormons", Vatican.va, retrieved 2014-03-26
  56. ^ Kemsley, Tamarra (22 March 2024). "What LDS women are saying about priesthood—and how they supposedly have it—after a controversial sermon". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  57. ^ White, O. Kendall Jr. (March 1995). "Integrating Religious and Racial Identities: An Analysis of LDS African American Explanations of the Priesthood Ban". Review of Religious Research. 36 (3): 296–297. doi:10.2307/3511536. JSTOR 3511536. 'Celestial' or 'temple' marriage is a necessary condition for 'exaltation' ... Without the priesthood, Black men and women ... were denied complete exaltation, the ultimate goal of Mormonism.
  58. ^ Harris, Matthew L.; Bringhurst, Newell G. (2015). The Mormon Church and Blacks: A Documentary History. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-08121-7. ProQuest 2131052022 – via Google Books.
  59. ^ Bush, Lester E. (1973). "Mormonism's Negro Doctrine: An Historical Overview" (PDF). Dialogue. 8 (1).
  60. ^ Reiter, Tonya (October 2017). "Black Saviors on Mount Zion: Proxy Baptisms and Latter-day Saints of African Descent". Journal of Mormon History. 43 (4). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press: 100–123. doi:10.5406/jmormhist.43.4.0100. JSTOR 10.5406/jmormhist.43.4.0100. Presidents of the Church, with their counselors, consistently gave permission for this level of temple service to be extended to members of African descent, while also forbidding their participation in the endowment ritual. By the mid-1960s, it appears that ... President McKay seems to have agreed that vicarious ordinances should only be done by white proxies, a practice that seems to have been instigated earlier. By the early 1970s, records indicate that black members, once again, had free access to temple fonts in Utah.
  61. ^ Simmons, Brian (December 2017). Coming out Mormon: An examination of religious orientation, spiritual trauma, and PTSD among Mormon and ex-Morman LGBTQQA adults (PDF) (PhD). Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia. p. 65. [A] current temple recommend [allows one] to participate in temple ordinances. In order to hold a current temple recommend, a person must attest to their ecclesiastical leaders that they maintain faith in the LDS Church, and live according to the standards (including no sexual activity outside of heterosexual marriage and abstaining from coffee, tea, alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs).
  62. ^ "Temples". LDS Church. June 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  63. ^ a b Fletcher Stack, Peggy; Noyce, David (19 Feb 2020). "LDS Church publishes new handbook with changes to discipline, transgender policy". Salt Lake Tribune.
  64. ^ Burns, Keith; Lewis, Linwood J. (2023-04-01). "Transcending Mormonism: Transgender Experiences in the LDS Church". Dialogue. 56 (1): 27–72. doi:10.5406/15549399.56.1.02. ISSN 0012-2157.
  65. ^ Riess, Jana (20 February 2020). "New LDS handbook softens some stances on sexuality, doubles down on transgender members, but bet on more changes". The Salt Lake Tribune. Religion News Service.
  66. ^ "What is the Church's position on transitioning?". LDS Church. February 2020.
  67. ^ "Church Policies and Guidelines". General Handbook: Serving in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. LDS Church. February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  68. ^ Browning, Bill (December 21, 2021). "Utah billionaire leaves Mormon church with blistering accusation it is actively harming the world". LGBTQ Nation. San Francisco, California. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  69. ^ Winters, Rosemary (February 23, 2023). "Mormon apostle's words about gays spark protest". The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City, Utah. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  70. ^ Bailey, Sarah Pulliam (November 11, 2016). "Mormon Church to exclude children of same-sex couples from getting blessed and baptized until they are 18". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023 – via Internet Archive.
  71. ^ Murphy, Caryle. "Most U.S. Christian groups grow more accepting of homosexuality". Pew Research Center. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  72. ^ Levin, Sam (August 15, 2016). "'I'm not a Mormon': fresh 'mass resignation' over anti-LGBT beliefs". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  73. ^ Hatch, Heidi (April 13, 2016). "Millennial Mormons leaving faith at higher rate than previous generations". Salt Lake City, Utah: CBS. KUTV. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  74. ^ MSNBC's The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell (2012). Wiesel to Mormon Church: stop proxy baptisms of Jews. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18.
  75. ^ "Chapter 7: Providing Temple Ordinances". Member's Guide to Temple and Family History Work. LDS Church. 2012. pp. 29–36.
  76. ^ "Mormons, Jews Set Up Group to Study Concerns". Meridian Magazine. 2005. Archived from the original on 2010-02-07.
  77. ^ Packer, Boyd K (1980). The Holy Temple. Bookcraft. p. 266. ISBN 0-88494-411-5. For a number of years the Church had negotiated with the government of Israel for permission to microfilm the archives of that nation. These records, including many carefully kept genealogies, are priceless records of the human family and have a tie to great events in the history of the world. The officials had learned all they wanted to know about the Church storage procedures and were impressed. They insisted however that someone be sent to talk to them about the doctrine relating to our desire for their records. They wanted to know why we wanted their records. In 1977 I received the assignment to go to Israel and meet with their official archivists and scholars on the matter .... I explained to them our great interest in the Old Testament and our kinship with Israel. We talked of family, of patriarchal lineage and blessings. We talked of the doctrine of agency. But all of these things were not central to the point. It might seem that in order to obtain a favorable decision we would have to be 'diplomatic' and not mention ordinances—especially baptism. But we were on the Lord's errand, and so I told them—plainly, bluntly—that we desired their records in order to provide baptism, Christian baptism, for their forebears and for ours. The reaction was immediate and intense. The meeting thereafter was most interesting! We came away uncertain as to the outcome. But we were on the Lord's errand. We were serving the work of redemption for the dead. We had told the truth without any shade of misrepresentation. In due time the answer came. We received approval to microfilm and preserve those records which were sanctified by the suffering of our brethren of the house of Israel.
  78. ^ Bernard I. Kouchel. "The Issue of The Mormon Baptisms of Jewish Holocaust Victims and Other Jewish Dead: Mormons Hijack Dead or Alive Jewish Souls". JewishGen. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  79. ^ Hoffman, Allison (10 November 2008). "Jewish group wants Mormons to stop proxy baptisms". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  80. ^ Gladstone, Bill (December 12, 2002), "Jewish Officials Press Mormons to Stop Baptizing Deceased Jews", Jewish Telegraphic Agency
  81. ^ Gladstone, Bill (December 13, 2002), "Mormons Renew Their Vow to Stop Baptizing Deceased Jews", Jewish Telegraphic Agency
  82. ^ Urbina, Ian (2003-12-21). "Again, Jews Fault Mormons Over Posthumous Baptisms". The New York Times.
  83. ^ "Mormons meet with Jews over baptizing Holocaust victims". CNN.com. December 11, 2002. Archived from the original on 2004-10-12. Vicarious baptism had even been performed for Simon Wiesenthal himself after his death. The Center found the practice insulting and an affront to Jews who died because of their religion. Rabbi Marvin Hier of the center said: 'If these people did not contact the Mormons themselves, the adage should be: Don't call me, I'll call you. With the greatest of respect to them, we do not think they are the exclusive arbitrators of who is saved.'
  84. ^ Cienski, Jan (June 6, 2001). "Jews urge Mormons to curb zeal for posthumous baptism: Einstein, Freud, Anne Frank have all appeared in database". National Post. Aaron Breitbart, a researcher with the Center believes the church was showing insensitivity to the living and their dead ancestors. 'They did not get baptized when they were alive and they had a choice, and doing so after they are dead is beyond the ethical bounds.'
  85. ^ Mims, Bob (October 9, 1999). "LDS Struggle to Keep Proxy Baptisms Appropriate". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. C1 – via University of Utah.
  86. ^ a b Hajela, Deepti; Jennifer Dobner (11 November 2008). "Jewish group wants Mormons to stop proxy baptisms". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-11-11.[dead link‍]
  87. ^ "Background Explanation of Temple Baptism", Newsroom (Press release), LDS Church, 10 November 2008
  88. ^ Christofferson, D. Todd (10 November 2008), "Religious Freedom Allows Both Mormons and Jews to Honor Their Ancestors", Newsroom (Press release), LDS Church
  89. ^ Blankenfeld, Buddy (11 November 2008). "Jewish group at odds with LDS Church over temple work for ancestors". ABC 4 News. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  90. ^ "Mormons baptise parents of Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal". BBC News. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
  91. ^ "Mormon Baptism Targets Anne Frank—Again". Huffington Post. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-03.

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Baptism for the Dead.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baptism_for_the_dead&oldid=1264172663"