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Slovene declension

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This page describes the declension of nouns, adjectives and pronouns in Slovene. For information on Slovene grammar in general, see Slovene grammar.

This article follows the tonal orthography. For the conversion into pitch orthography, see Slovene national phonetic transcription.

Grammatical categories

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Nouns are declined for six cases and three numbers. Adjectives and most pronouns additionally decline for three genders.

Cases

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There are six cases (the Slovene names are given in brackets):

  1. Nominative (imenovalnik or nominativ)
  2. Genitive (rodilnik or genitiv)
  3. Dative (dajalnik or dativ)
  4. Accusative (tožilnik or akuzativ)
  5. Locative (mestnik or lokativ)
  6. Instrumental (orodnik or instrumental)

Traditionally, the cases are given in the order above. They are also usually numbered accordingly: the nominative case is the first case, the genitive the second, and so on.

The nouns are usually listed and sorted by their nominative singular form, but declension is defined by the genitive singular form. For this reason, genitive singular form is commonly written with the nominative. Where it is not otherwise noted, the second form is in genitive singular form.

Vocative

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Vocative (zvalnik or vokativ) was used with the original endings in Slovene up to the 18th century by, for example Janez Svetokriški, but has now received the endings of the nominative case. Some words, however, kept the vocative form, such as oče (instead of the nominative *otь̀cь) 'father'. Colloquially, vocative endings are still present, but the current use is taken from Serbo-Croatian.

While having the same endings, it is still tonemically different from the nominative case, always having circumflex accent, but because of its similarity with nominative, it is often omitted from declension tables or is considered a special case of nominative, called 'addressive nominative' (ogovorni imenovalnik) in Slovene literature.

Numbers

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Slovene has three numbers:

  1. Singular (ednina), which refers to one object.
  2. Dual (dvojina), which refers to a pair of objects.
  3. Plural (množina), which refers to more than two objects.

There is, however, an exception to that rule. Plural is used instead of dual for nouns that represent things that usually come in pairs (such as body parts, socks, twins, and parents), except if one wants to stress that the noun relates to both parts and after words that signify a pair (such as oba 'both', etc. ):

  • Starše sem vprašal, če lahko grem ven. (I asked parents if I can go out.) – plural is used.
  • Na vpisnico se morata podpisati oba starša. (Both parents have to sign the application.) – dual is used.

Genders

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A noun in Slovene can have one of the following three genders:

  1. Masculine (moški, abbreviated m. sp.); divided further into animate (accusative singular equals genitive) and inanimate (accusative singular equals nominative) in the first and fourth masculine declension, and in first adjective declension.
  2. Feminine (ženski, abbreviated ž. sp.)
  3. Neuter (srednji, abbreviated sr. sp.); which is in some dialects masculinized or feminized.

Native speakers usually identify a gender by placing a demonstrative pronoun tisti 'that' in front of it. Since some nouns can only have a singular form and some only a plural form (extremely rarely also only dual, such as ribi 'pisces'), both singular and plural endings must be remembered. Note that the feminine singular and neuter plural endings are the same so the number must be determined first.

Non-native speakers in most cases determine try to determine gender from the ending of a noun in nominative singular.

  • Masculine nouns typically end in a consonant, although a few end in a vowel, mostly in -a, -o and -i (some names, letters, nominalized adjectives etc.).
  • Feminine nouns usually end in -a; these are the "a-stem" nouns. A number of feminine nouns end in a consonant; these are mostly "i-stem" and "v-stem" nouns.
  • The vast majority of neuter nouns end in -o or -e, but second and third neuter declension end with a variety of sounds since they have a null ending in nominative case.

Declensions

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Declensions are divided differently in international and Slovene literature. In Slovene literature, the declensions are defined by the ending in genitive singular, but in international literature, the nouns are often divided by the stem (the same way as in Proto-Slavic), which are more numerous. Thus, they can be considered as a subdivision of the declension. The stem declensions that are a subdivision of the main declension are a result of a stem lengthening alteration (premena), or is a subpattern (podvzorec).

There are four different noun declension for every gender in Slovene and two for the adjectives. Besides the name, the identifying ending (ending in genitive singular) is written:

Masculine:

  • First masculine declension; ending -a, -u, or -e (word dȃn)
    • Masculine o-/e-stem declension
    • Masculine t-stem declension
    • Masculine n-stem declension
    • Masculine j-stem declension
  • Second masculine declension (masculine a-stem declension); ending -e (except dȃn)
  • Third masculine declension (masculine declension without endings); ending
  • Fourth masculine declension (masculine i-/e-stem declension); ending -ega

Feminine:

  • First feminine declension; ending -e, genitive plural ending is not -ih
    • Feminine a-stem declension
    • Feminine r-stem declension
    • Feminine v-stem declension
    • Feminine n-stem declension
  • Second feminine declension (feminine i-stem declension); ending -i
  • Third feminine declension (feminine declensions without endings); ending
  • Fourth feminine declension (feminine i-/e-stem declension); ending -e, genitive plural ending -ih

Neuter:

  • First neuter declension; ending -a
    • Neuter o-/e-stem declension
    • Neuter n-stem declension
    • Neuter s-stem declension
    • Neuter t-stem declension
  • Second neuter declension (neuter a-stem declension); ending -e
  • Third neuter declension (neuter declension without endings); ending -ø
  • Fourth neuter declension (neuter i-/e-stem declension); ending -ega

Adjective:

  • First adjective declension (adjective declension with endings); ending -ega
  • Second adjective declension (adjective declension without endings); ending

Accentual types

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There are four different accentual types:

  • Fixed (nepremični), where the stress is always on the same stem syllable.
  • Mobile (premični), where the stress is on different stem syllables.
  • Ending (končniški), where the stress is always on the ending.
  • Mixed (mešani), where the stress is sometimes on the stem and sometimes on the ending.

In first masculine, second feminine and first adjectival declension, accentual types affect the endings in some cases.

Some words can also change accent from fixed to mixed in one number or in only one case. These nouns follow accent changes of the fixed type, except where they change to mixed type (they follow mixed accentuation). Some nouns can also change the accentuation after certain prepositions. These forms are always circumflex (for example, primẹ̑r, accusative singular primẹ̑r, but after na, it changes into na prȋmer).

Degrees of comparison

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There is a three-stage and two-stage comparison in Slovene.

The three-stage comparison has the following degrees:

  1. Positive (osnovnik or pozitiv)
  2. Comparative (primernik or komparativ)
  3. Superlative (presežnik or superlativ)

The two-stage declension has the following degrees:

  1. Positive (osnovnik or pozitiv)
  2. Elative (pridvignjena stopnja or elativ)

Animacy

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Masculine nouns and adjectives are divided between animate and inanimate nouns.

Animate nouns are nouns that represent a living or mythological being (Francọ̑z 'French', rȁk 'crab', dȗh 'ghost') and words that originally had that meaning, but have a different one now (vipȃvec (a type of wine), francọ̑z 'monkey wrench', Oriọ̑n 'Orion'). In this category are also card names and suits, and some names of cars and mushrooms, such as as 'ace', pȋk 'club', gọ̑lf (Golf, a Volkswagen car), and gobȃn 'bolete'. The word duh is animate when it means 'ghost' or 'mentality'. Some diminutives are animate, even if they represent an inanimate object (for example, stolček 'little chair' ). Names of space objects that are named after gods are either animate or inanimate (e. g. Merkur 'Mercury')

This distinction is also applied to all words that modify the noun, such as adjectives, determiners and the like. Thus, adjectives in the masculine accusative singular will have either the form of the nominative (no ending or -i), or the form of the genitive (-ega).

Nouns, nominal pronouns, nominalized adjectives

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The declensions for nouns, nominal pronouns, and nominalized adjectives can be split by gender, as gender and declension pattern coincide. The dual and plural are not distinguished in the genitive and locative cases of nouns; the plural form is used for the dual as well. For neuter nouns, the nominative and accusative forms are always the same, in all numbers.

Nominal and nominalized pronouns also follow this inflection patterns, however most of them are irregular. For irregularities among pronouns, see the pronouns section.

First Masculine declension

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First masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -a (korȃk korȃka), -u (mọ̑st mostȗ), and the noun dan (dȃn dnẹ̑). The vast majority of masculine nouns are declined following this inflection pattern. It is so common that masculine nouns following the second (and some following the third and the fourth) can be declined following the pattern of the first.

Masculine nouns are further divided between animate and inanimate nouns. This difference is only significant for the accusative singular.

  • For inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the nominative singular. For example, stȍl 'chair', genitive singular stóla, accusative singular stȍl.
  • For animate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the genitive singular. For example, fȁnt 'boy', genitive singular fánta, accusative singular fánta.

Masculine o-/e-stem declension

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The standard declension of first masculine declension is the o-stem declension. O-stem nouns are divided between "hard" and "soft" stems, see the main Slovene grammar article for the meaning of these terms.

First masculine declension endings
Hard declension Soft declension
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative - -a -i - -a -i
Genitive -a -ov -ov -a -ev -ev
Dative -u / -i (styl.) -oma -om -u / -i (styl.) -ema -em
Accusative nom or gen -a -e nom or gen -a -e
Locative -u / -i (styl.) -ih -ih -u / -i (styl.) -ih -ih
Instrumental -om -oma -i -em -ema -i
Vocative - -a -i - -a -i
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Masculine t-stem declension

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Proper names ending in -e normally follow this declension like the noun otročȅ 'kid', adding the infix -t- before the endings. For example, Zvọ̑ne Zvọ̑neta (a male name). This declension also follow some other nouns ending in -e if it represents hypocoristicity (fantȅ fantẹ́ta 'boy, immature man'). The noun oče 'father' also follows this declension.

Some historic Greek names, such as Ksenofọ̑n 'Xenophon' and Ȃjas 'Ajax the Great', also follow this inflection pattern, however, it is also common to already have a t-stem in nominative singular (Ksenofọ̑n/Ksenofọ̑nt Ksenofọ̑nta, Ȃjas/Ajant Ajanta).

In speech or in writing of lower register, nouns that have the ending -o in nominative singular, such as Márko (a male name) and sȋnko 'little son' also follow this inflection pattern (Márko Márkota, sȋnko sȋnkota). In dialectal speeches this also happens to proper nouns ending in -a, such as Míha and Lúka, and the a is in some dialects changed to e (Míha Míhata/Míheta, Lúka Lúkata/Lúketa), although in some dialects these words can be lengthened with another consonant, for example, with n in Carinthian dialects (Márko Márkona, Lúka Lukana).

Masculine n-stem declension

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A few nouns ending in -elj have a stem ending in -eljn- rather than dropping the fill vowel. For example, nágelj nágeljna 'carnation' and Fráncelj Fránceljna (a male name). These nouns can be also declined normally (nágelj náglja, Fráncelj Fránclja), however, that is less common.

Some Latin names ending in -o can also follow this inflection pattern, such as Kȃto Katọ̑na 'Cato', but the n can be already added in nominative singular (Kȃton Katọ̑na).

Masculine j-stem declension

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Nouns with a stem whose pronunciation ends in /-ɾ/ or a vowel (not to be confused with a noun having a vowel ending in nominative singular) have an added -j- when an ending is attached, such as tȃksi tȃksija 'taxi' and redár redárja 'security guard at a public event'.

There are exceptions, though. Monosyllabic words follow the o-stem declension (mȋr mirȗ 'peace'), except cār cārja 'tsar', and similarly also stȃr (old way of measuring cereal), júr 'bolete, 1000 units of currency', and fȃr 'priest'. Nouns derived from verbs, such as gȏvor 'speech', vȋr 'source', and prodȍr 'penetration' also follow o-stem declension. The same is true for nouns that have a fill vowel followed by /ɾ/, such as vẹ̑ter vẹ̑tra 'wind' and blȃgor blȃgra 'well-being'. Compound nouns that contain a non-j-stem noun (such as dvogȏvor dvogȏvora 'dialogue' and pȍdodbȍr pȍdodbóra 'subcommittee') are also excluded, except for names that end in -mir, such as Vlȃdimir (a male name) and Čȓtomir, which can be declined either way (Vlȃdimir Vlȃdimira/Vlȃdimirja, Čȓtomir Čȓtomira/Čȓtomirja). Some nouns that end in -r and silent -e can also be declined either way (Tesnière Slovene pronunciation: [tɛnˈjɛ́ːɾ] 'Tesnière' Tesnièra Slovene pronunciation: [tɛnˈjɛ́ːra]/Tesnièrja [tɛnˈjɛ́ːrja], Shakespeare Slovene pronunciation: [ˈʃéːkspiɾ] Shakespeara Slovene pronunciation: [ˈʃéːkspira]/Shakespearja [ˈʃéːkspirja]) 'Shakespeare. Some nouns, such as Madžȃr 'Hungar', sẹ́ver 'north', and Alžir 'Algiers', also follow the o-stem declension. Note that in loanwords, the vowel can be written differently than expected, such as Disney [ˈdíːzni] Disneyja [ˈdíːznija]'Disney' (but Broadway Slovene pronunciation: [ˈbróːdvɛj] Broadwaya [ˈbróːdveja] 'Broadway'). Note that Latin and Greek words can have an ending that ends with a consonant in nominative singular, but they are still j-stem nouns (Ovidius Ovidija 'Ovid').

Nouns ending in non-silent -r or a vowel plus a silent consonant also follow this declension, but the /j/ is only pronounced and not written: (Dumas [diˈmáː] Dumasa [diˈmáːja]) 'Dumas'.

Alternations and other exceptions of the first masculine declension

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First masculine declension has many alternations:

  • A relatively small number of masculine nouns have a nominative (and accusative, if inanimate) singular an ending -a (slúga (mostly the nouns that can also follow second masculine declination) 'servant'), -e (finȃle 'final'), -o (Márko (a male name), or -u (Enẹ̑scu 'Enescu'). Sometimes, but not always, the suffixes in Latin loanwords -as, -es, -is, -os, -us, and -um are considered an ending. Examples of this include Leonȋdas Leonȋda 'Leonidas', Ȃvgijas Ȃvgija 'Augeas', Aristọ̄teles Aristọ̄tela 'Aristotle', Juvenȃlis Juvenȃla 'Juvenal', Arhȋlos Arhȋloha 'Archilochus', Tȃcitus Tȃcita 'Tacitus, and Tarẹ̑ntum Tarẹ̑nta 'Taranto'. These suffixes can be omitted (Leonȋd, Aristọ̄tel, Juvenȃl etc.), but if we do so, the stems that end with a vowel must be lengthened with a j, even in nominative case (Ȃvgij 'Augeas', Menelȃj 'Menelaus', Lívij 'Livius', etc.). The lengthening of the stem is also present in other cases if one does not decide to omit the suffix. Other times, the suffix is considered as a part of the stem, such as Rọ̑dos Rọ̑dosa 'Rhodes', and some can be declined both ways, such as ọ̑bolos ọ̑bola/ọ̑bolosa 'Obol' and alpinẹ̑tum alpinẹ̑ta/alpinẹ̑tuma 'Alpine botanical garden'. Modern Greek names are considered not to have an ending in nominative (Makȃrios Makariosa 'Macarios').
  • The surname Nepos can have alternatively a stem Nepot- in other cases (Nẹ̑pos Nẹ̑pota).
  • some monosyllabic nouns have an -u ending in genitive singular (mọ̑st mostȗ 'bridge', rọ̑d rodȗ 'lineage').
  • Many nouns have the stem shortened in cases where the ending is not a null ending (as it is nominative singular), mainly because they have a fill vowel, which is there to ease the pronunciation. The change can be evident in writing, pronunciation, or both:
  • In the 19th century the ending -i was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of -u. For example, nominative óče 'father', dative/locative očẹ́ti. Nowadays this ending is considered archaic or dialectal.
  • Nouns ending in -io (such as radio [ˈɾáːdijɔ]/[ˈɾàːdijɔ] 'radio') usually follow the soft inflection pattern radio instrumental singular radiem.
  • Names ending in a vowel and consonant that is not pronounced are j-stem nouns, and can be written following hard or soft declension, but always pronounced as in soft declension. The added -j- is not written, only pronounced (Marat [maˈɾáː] instrumental singular Maratem/Maratom [maˈɾáːjɛm] 'Marat'). Same happens to those ending in r and a silent consonant (Macquart [makˈáːɾ] instrumental singular Macquartem/Macquartom [makˈáːɾjɛm] 'Macquart').
  • Some nouns have the stem lengthened with -ov- in dual and plural, except in genitive case (for example wikt-grȃd nominative dual gradȏva 'castle', grȍb nominative dual grobȏva "grave"). These are usually monosyllabic nouns.
  • Some nouns have the ending -je in the nominative plural instead of -i. This is a remnant of the Common Slavic masculine i-stem inflection, which was mostly lost in Slovene except for this ending. For example: študȅnt 'student', nominative plural študéntje, gospọ̑d 'sir, lord', nominative plural gospọ̑dje, kmȅt 'farmer', nominative plural kmẹ́tje, etc. Usually, the regular form is also allowed, but rarely preferred.
  • Some nouns (mostly those that have an ending -u in genitive singular) have a null ending in genitive dual/plural (lȃs, genitive plural lás 'hair', zọ̑b genitive plural zọ́b 'tooth'). Some can be declined either way (vọ̑z, genitive plural vozóv/vọ̑z).
  • About special stressed endings in plural, see mixed accent nouns.
  • Few nouns show the effects of the Slavic second palatalisation in some of the plural forms:
    • otrȍk: nominative plural otróci, locative dual/plural otrọ̄cih 'child'.
    • vȏlk: nominative plural volcjẹ̑ 'wolf'. But this form is rare, the usual nominative plural is volkȏvi.
  • Many forms of the noun dȃn 'day' have two stems, a shorter one with only the consonants dn-, and a longer one dnẹ̑v-. The longer stem declines as a regular o-stem, while the shorter one has a unique set of endings not shared with any other noun. The formal, most appropriate declension, is a mix of both (the forms in brackets are colloquial):
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative dȃn dnẹ̑va, dnȋ dnẹ̑vi
Genitive dnẹ̑va, dnẹ̑ (dnẹ̑vov), dní (dnẹ̑vov), dní
Dative dnẹ̑vu, dnẹ̑vu (styl.) (dnẹ̑voma), dnẹ̑ma (dnẹ̑vom), dnẹ̑m
Accusative dȃn dnẹ̑va, dnȋ dnẹ̑ve, dnȋ
Locative dnẹ̑vu, dnẹ̑vu (styl.) (dnẹ̑vih), dnẹ́h (dnẹ̑vih), dnẹ́h
Instrumental dnẹ̑vom, dnẹ̑m (dnẹ̑voma), dnẹ̑ma dnẹ̑vi, (dnẹ̑mi)
Vocative dȃn dnẹ̑va, dnȋ dnẹ̑vi
styl. – the form is stylistically marked
  • The masculine noun člóvek 'human, person' is suppletive. In the plural, the stem ljud- is used, which follows the mobile-accent o-stem declension:
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative člóvek človẹ́ka ljudjẹ̑
Genitive človẹ́ka ljudí ljudí
Dative človẹ́ku /

človẹ́ki (styl.)

človẹ́koma ljudẹ̑m
Accusative človẹ́ka človẹ́ka ljudȋ
Locative človẹ́ku /

človẹ́ki (styl.)

ljudẹ́h ljudẹ́h
Instrumental človẹ́kom človẹ́koma ljudmí
Vocative člȏvek človẹ̑ka ljudjẹ̑

Fixed accent nouns

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Circumflex nouns have circumflex accent in all cases, however, the acute accent changes considerably.

  • Nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative and genitive singular have long circumflex accent in all cases, except the nouns where the stressed vowel changes (e. g. okȍv, dȏm); these follow mixed accent changes. Nouns that can also have mixed accent also follow the same rules, except if they have a null ending in genitive dual/plural; then they have all plural forms except vocative acute, but change to circumflex if used as an adverb and preceded by a preposition: lȃs 'hair', nominative plural lási, genitive plural lás, locative plural lásih.
Long → long Short → long Can also have mixed accent,

genitive plural -ø

Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative korȃk korȃka korȃki blagoslȍv blagoslȏva blagoslȏvi lȃs lȃsa lási
Genitive korȃka korȃkov korȃkov blagoslȏva blagoslȏvov blagoslȏvov lȃsa lás lás
Dative korȃku /

korȃki (styl.)

korȃkoma korȃkom blagoslȏvu /

blagoslȏvi (styl.)

blagoslȏvoma blagoslȏvom lȃsu /

lȃsi (styl.)

lȃsoma lásom
Accusative korȃk korȃka korȃke blagoslȍv blagoslȏva blagoslȏve lȃs lȃsa láse
Locative korȃku /

korȃki (styl.)

korȃkih korȃkih blagoslȏvu /

blagoslȏvi (styl.)

blagoslȏvih blagoslȏvih lȃsu /

lȃsi (styl.)

lásih lásih
Instrumental korȃkom korȃkoma korȃki blagoslȏvom blagoslȏvoma blagoslȏvi lȃsom lȃsoma lási
Vocative korȃk korȃka korȃki blagoslȍv blagoslȏva blagoslȏvi lȃs lȃsa lȃsi
  • Nouns that have long acute accent in nominative and genitive singular have circumflex accent in vocative and allow both in genitive, locative and instrumental plural, and locative dual. In collocations which are used as an adverb, and where the word lost the original meaning, the noun is only allowed to have circumflex accent in accusative and locative plural (e. g. v hrȋbe / v hrȋbih 'on a mountain (lit. in mountains)'):
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative kováč kováča kováči
Genitive kováča kovāčev kovāčev
Dative kováču /

kováči (styl.)

kováčema kováčem
Accusative kováča kováča kováče
Locative kováču /

kováči (styl.)

kovāčih kovāčih
Instrumental kováčem kováčema kovāči
Vocative kovȃč kovȃča kovȃči
styl. – the form is stylistically marked
  • Nouns that have short acute accent in nominative and genitive singular follow the same rules as long acute accented words, but all accents are short:
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative stə̀bər stə̀bra stə̀bri
Genitive stə̀bra stə̄brov stə̄brov
Dative stə̀bru /

stə̀bri (styl.)

stə̀broma stə̀brom
Accusative stə̀ber stə̀bra stə̀bre
Locative stə̀bru /

stə̀bri (styl.)

stə̄brih stə̄brih
Instrumental stə̀brom stə̀broma stə̄bri
Vocative stə̏ber stə̏bra stə̏bri
styl. – the form is stylistically marked
  • Nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular allow both forms in locative and dative singular when preceded by a preposition. The only exception are words in which open-mid vowel changes into a close-mid vowel. In these cases, it further depends which ending does it have in genitive plural. In collocations which are used as an adverb, and where the word lost the original meaning, the noun is only allowed to have circumflex accent in accusative and locative plural. (Note that due to simplicity, only the forms that are affected by this rule are shown; for example, kȍnj can also be declined without the change into close-mid vowel.)
Short → long Short → short Open-mid → close-mid
Genitive plural ending -ø Genitive plural ending -ov
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative fantȅ fantẹ́ta fantẹ́ti pȓst pŕsta pŕsti kȍnj kónja kónji stȍl stóla stóli
Genitive fantẹ́ta fantẹ̄tov fantẹ̄tov pŕsta pr̄stov pr̄stov kónja kọ́nj kọ́nj stóla arch. stọ́lov arch. stọ́lov
Dative fantẹ́tu /

fantẹ̄tu (with prep.)

fantẹ́toma fantẹ́tom pŕstu /

pr̄stu

pŕstoma pŕstom kọ́nju /

kọ̑nju (with prep.)

kónjema kónjem arch. stọ́lu / stọ̑lu (with prep.) stóloma stólom
Accusative fantẹ́ta fantẹ́ta fantẹ́te pȓst pŕsta pŕste kónja kónja kónje stóla stóla stóle
Locative fantẹ̄tu fantẹ̄tih fantẹ̄tih pr̄stu pr̄stih pr̄stih kọ̑nju kọ̄njih kọ̄njih stọ̑lu stọ̑lih stọ̑lih
Instrumental fantẹ́tom fantẹ́toma fantẹ̄ti pŕstom pŕstoma pr̄sti kónjem kónjema arch. kọ́nji stólu stóloma arch. stọ́li
Vocative fantȅ fantẹ̑ta fantẹ̑ti pȓst pȓsta pȓsti kȍnj kȏnja kȏnji stȍl stȏla stȏli

Mobile accent nouns

[edit]

Mobile accent nouns transfer the stress to the following syllable in all cases but nominative, vocative, and accusative (if the same as nominative) singular.

  • Nouns that have circumflex accent in genitive singular, although rare, have circumflex accent in all forms:
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative dȗal duȃla duȃli
Genitive duȃla duȃlov duȃlov
Dative duȃlu /

duȃli (styl.)

duȃloma duȃlom
Accusative dȗal duȃla duȃle
Locative duȃlu /

duȃli (styl.)

duȃlih duȃlih
Instrumental duȃlom duȃloma duȃli
Vocative dȗal duȃla duȃli
styl. – the form is stylistically marked
  • Nouns that have acute accent in genitive singular change the accent the same way as fixed accent nouns with circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular when the stress is on the latter syllable and have acute accent when the stress in on the original syllable:
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative rázred razrẹ́da razrẹ́di
Genitive razrẹ́da razrẹ̄dov razrẹ̄dov
Dative razrẹ́du /

razrẹ̄du (with prep.)

razrẹ́doma razrẹ́dom
Accusative rázred razrẹ́da razrẹ́de
Locative razrẹ̄du razrẹ̄dih razrẹ̄dih
Instrumental razrẹ́dom razrẹ́doma razrẹ̄di
Vocative rȃzred razrẹ̑da razrẹ̑di
note: dative and locative can also have a stylistically marked ending -i.

Ending accent nouns

[edit]

Short ending vowels are always circumflex while long ending ones follow the same pattern as mixed accent nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative singular and when the accent is on the stem, the accent is long and acute. There is a slight difference between soft and hard stems in genitive dual/plural, because soft declension only allows short circumflex accent whereas hard declension allows long acute and short circumflex.

Hard Soft
Singular Dual Plural Plural
Nominative pə̏s psȁ psȉ dobrcȉ
Genitive psȁ psȍv / psóv psȍv / psóv dobrcȅv
Dative psȕ /

psȉ (styl.)

psóma /

psomȁ (styl.)

psȍm dobrcȅm
Accusative psȁ psȁ psȅ dobrcȅ
Locative psȕ /

psȉ (styl.)

psȉh psȉh dobrcȉh
Instrumental psȍm psóma /

psomȁ (styl.)

psȉ dobrcȉ
Vocative pȅs psȁ psȉ dobrcȉ
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Mixed accent nouns

[edit]

For the mixed accent nouns with long accent, many different factors determine the accent. The accent is usually circumflex, except in these cases:

  • Genitive dual/plural, locative dual/plural and instrumental is acute if the accent is on the last syllable: člóvek 'human', genitive plural ljudí, dȃr 'gift', genitive plural daróv, lȃs 'hair', genitive plural lás (but grȃd 'castle', locative plural gradȏvih). This happens in genitive case in all words, no matter the ending, and in words that do not have -ov lengthening in locative and instrumental. Those without the infix do not have an ending in genitive plural, dative plural ending is -ẹ̑m instead of -om / -em, accusative plural is still -ẹ̑, locative dual/plural ending -ẹ́h instead of -ih, instrumental plural -mí instead of -i, and dative and instrumental dual ending is -ẹ̑ma instead of -oma / -ema. This rule does not necessarily apply to irregular nouns.
  • Stressed vowel in nominative plural ending -je is close-mid (-jẹ̑): lȃs 'hair', nominative plural lasjẹ̑, mȏž 'man', nominative plural možjẹ̑.
  • Dative and locative singular is acute if the stressed vowel is open-mid (e or o): gnȏj 'manure' gnóju.
  • When used as an adverb, uncountable nouns or nouns that have ending -ẹ́h in locative dual/plural (those that do not lengthen the stem) allow both accents in locative singular. Words that can also have a form with open-mid vowel in locative singular.
  • Nouns that allow both the stem or the ending to be accented usually have the stem accented when preceded by a preposition and have the ending accented when they are not.
  • Dative and instrumental dual can have the accent either on the ending or the stem. If the accent is on the stem, it is long.
  • Nouns that switch accent only in plural on in only one case follow fixed accent changes when the accent does not shift.
  • Nouns can also colloquially have fixed accent. See fixed accent for that.

Here are declensions for some mixed accent nouns, but keep in mind that they have several different changes and only relevant forms are written:

Stem lengthening with -ov Nominative plural -jẹ̑,

genitive plural

Open-mid vowel in locative singular,

uncountable

Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular
Nominative grȃd gradȏva gradȏvi mọ̑ž možȃ možjẹ̑ gnọ̑j
Genitive gradȗ* gradóv gradóv možȃ mọ́ž mọ́ž gnojȃ
Dative grȃdu gradȏvoma gradȏvom mọ̑žu možẹ̑ma /

možȏma

možẹ̑m gnọ̑ju / gnóju**
Accusative grȃd gradȏva gradȏve možȃ možȃ možẹ̑ gnọ̑j
Locative grȃdu gradȏvih gradȏvih mọ̑žu možẹ́h možẹ́h gnọ̑ju / gnóju
Instrumental grȃdom gradȏvoma gradȏvi mọ̑žem možẹ̑ma /

možȏma

možmí gnọ̑jem
Vocative grȃd gradȏva gradȏvi mọ̑ž možȃ možjẹ̑ gnọ̑j
Irregular Irregular
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative lȃs lȃsa lasjẹ̑ brẹ̑g brẹ̑ga brẹ̑gi /

bregȏvi

Genitive lasȗ lás lás brẹ̑ga brẹ̑gov brẹ̑gov
Dative lȃsu lȃsoma lasẹ̑m brẹ̑gu brẹ̑goma brẹ̑gom /

bregȏvom

Accusative lȃs lȃsa lasẹ̑ brẹ̑g brẹ̑ga brẹ̑ge /

brẹ̑gove

Locative lȃsu lasẹ́h lasẹ́h brẹ̑gu /

brẹ̄gu (used as an adverb)

brẹ̑gih /

bregȏvih /

bregẹ́h

brẹ̑gih /

bregȏvih /

bregẹ́h

Instrumental lȃsom lȃsoma lasmí brẹ̑gom brẹ̑goma brẹ̑gi /

bregȏvi

Vocative lȃs lȃsa lasjẹ̑ brẹ̑g brẹ̑ga brẹ̑gi /

bregȏvi

*Genitive singular ending -u does not affect the accent or other endings.

**The form is given as an example in Slovenski pravopis, the book by which Slovene is regulated, however in the same book, it is not listed as an appropriate form of the word.

Mixed accent nouns with short accent follow the same pattern as ending accent nouns (including the difference bətween soft and hard stems), except in nominative and vocative (and accusative if the same as nominative) singular, and dative and instrumental dual, where the accent is on the stem and acute if long:

Singular Dual Plural
Nominative bə̏t bətȁ bətȉ
Genitive bətȁ bətȍv /

bətóv

bətȍv /

bətóv

Dative bətȕ

/ bətȉ (styl.)

bȅtoma bətȍm
Accusative bə̏t bətȁ bətȅ
Locative bətȕ /

bətȉ (styl.)

bətȉh bətȉh
Instrumental bətȍm bȅtoma bətȉ
Vocative bȅt bətȁ bətȉ
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Second masculine declension (masculine a-stem declension)

[edit]

Second masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e (slúga slúge), except the noun dan (dȃn dnẹ̑).

Second masculine declension has the same endings as first feminine declension, however, not all alterations apply here. Animate and inanimate nouns are not declined differently, but the words that modify the noun still have those distinctions.

All nouns following the second masculine declension can also follow first masculine declension, but keeping the ending in nominative singular. They can also be feminized in dual and plural, following first feminine declension (essentially, the endings do not change).

Second masculine declension endings
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -a -i -e
Genitive -e - -
Dative -i -ama -am
Accusative -o -i -e
Locative -i -ah -ah
Instrumental -o -ama -ami
Vocative -a -i -e

Alternations and other exceptions of the second masculine declension

[edit]
  • In nominative singular, some words, such as kamikȃze 'kamikaze', have an -e ending.
  • In genitive dual and genitive plural, nouns ending in consonant + j, have an i inserted between, such as delovọ̑dja genitive plural delovọ̑dij.

Accent

[edit]

Second masculine declension follow only fixed accent nouns. These can be circumflex or acute.

  • Circumflex nouns are always circumflex:
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative vọ̑jvoda vọ̑jvodi vọ̑jvode
Genitive vọ̑jvode vọ̑jvod vọ̑jvod
Dative vọ̑jvodi vọ̑jvodama vọ̑jvodam
Accusative vọ̑jvodo vọ̑jvodi vọ̑jvode
Locative vọ̑jvodi vọ̑jvodah vọ̑jvodah
Instrumental vọ̑jvodo vọ̑jvodama vọ̑jvodami
Vocative vọ̑jvoda vọ̑jvodi vọ̑jvode
  • Acute accent changes into circumflex in genitive dual/plural and vocative case and is either acute or circumflex in instrumental singular:
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative slúga slúgi slúge
Genitive slúge slȗg slȗg
Dative slúgi slúgama slúgam
Accusative slúgo slúgi slúge
Locative slúgi slúgah slúgah
Instrumental slūgo slúgama slúgami
Vocative slȗga slȗgi slȗge

Third masculine declension (masculine declension without endings)

[edit]

Third masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (-). This includes all letters, as well as some other words, such as nebọ́digatrẹ́ba 'menace', jȍj/jọ̑j 'oh', and čačačȃ 'Cha-cha-cha'. There are, however, only a handful of words that feel natural to be declined this way; for many of them, it is preferred to be declined following the first masculine declension. Alternations of the first declension must then be applied, and since all consonant letters are usually pronounced as consonant + ə̏, all letters, except for X [ˈíːks] and Y [ˈíːpsilɔn] must follow the j-stem version of the first declension (K K-ja). Exceptions are F, L, M, N, R, S, and Š, which can also be pronounced [ˈɛ́f], [ˈɛ́l], [ˈɛ́m], [ˈɛ́n], [ˈɛ́ɾ], [ˈɛ́s], and [ˈɛ́ʃ], respectively and can therefore follow the o-stem version (F F-ja/F-a), and the pronunciacion changes accordingly. Although there is a hyphen between the letter and j, keep in mind that j ist still part of the stem, not the ending.

Third masculine declension endings
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative - - -
Genitive - - -
Dative - - -
Accusative - - -
Locative - - -
Instrumental - - -
Vocative - - -

Alternations and other exceptions of the third masculine declension

[edit]
  • Most of the time, nouns nebọ́digatrẹ́ba 'menace' and nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba 'menaces' are considered one irregular noun instead of two nouns that only have a singular and a plural form, respectively. In that case, the infix -ga- is changed to -jih- in dual and plural. The infix is actually a personal pronoun ȍn 'he' in genitive case, but the dual form is still nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba, and not with an infix -ju- as would be expected:
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative nebọ́digatrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Genitive nebọ́digatrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Dative nebọ́digatrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Accusative nebọ́digatrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Locative nebọ́digatrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Instrumental nebọ́digatrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Vocative nebọ̑digatrẹ̑ba nebọ̑dijihtrẹ̑ba nebọ̑dijihtrẹ̑ba

Accent

[edit]

Words declined this way always have fixed accent, which is the same throughout, no matter if it is circumflex or acute, long or short. The only exception is vocative, where the accent is circumflex.

Circumflex Acute Short
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ cáker cáker cáker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt
Genitive kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ cáker cáker cáker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt
Dative kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ cáker cáker cáker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt
Accusative kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ cáker cáker cáker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt
Locative kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ cáker cáker cáker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt
Instrumental kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ cáker cáker cáker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt
Vocative kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ kojnẹ̑ cȃker cȃker cȃker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt

Fourth masculine declension (masculine i-/e-stem declension)

[edit]

Fourth masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -ega. The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. They are derived from the definite forms of the adjective, hence the ending -i in nominative singular. This declension also differentiates between animate and inanimate nouns in the same way as the first one. The declension is the same as declension for masculine adjectives.

Some masculine nominalized adjectives, mostly proper nouns, are declined using first male declension. In addition, most of them have a null ending - in nominative singular, only rarely do they have an ending -i. Examples include Mẹ̑den Mẹ̑dena 'Meden', Raztrẹ̑sen Raztrẹ̑senega 'Raztresen', tráven trávna 'April, May' etc.

Names in other languages ending in [-ski] (or similarly look like definite adjectives) that are from non-Slavic languages are declined using the first declension (Tedẹ̑schi Tedẹ̑schija 'Tedeschi, McClọ̑sky McClọ̑skyja 'McClosky', Kreisky Kreiskyja/Kreiskega 'Kreisky') and those from Slavic languages are declined using the fourth declension (Vranȋtzky Vranȋtzkega 'Vranitzky', Hradẹ̑tzky Hradẹ̑tzkega 'Hradetzky' etc.

Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -i -a -i
Genitive -ega -ih -ih
Dative -emu -ima -im
Accusative -ega -a -e
Locative -em -ih -ih
Instrumental -im ima -imi
Vocative -i -a -i

Alternations and other exceptions of the fourth masculine declension

[edit]
  • The -i sound in nominative singular and plural is in some loanwords written with y, but not in other cases (Chomsky, nominative plural Chomsky, instrumental singular Chomskim).
  • Vast majority nouns are declined as animate (Nedeljski, accusative singular Nedeljskega 'a Sunday issue of the newspaper Dnevnik').
  • Other irregularities that adjectives and adjectival pronouns possess also apply here.
  • For the different endings in nominative singular, see first adjective declension.

Accent

[edit]

These nouns decline the same way as definite masculine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do. Therefore, only fixed and ending accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see § Accent of nominalized adjectives.

First feminine declension

[edit]

First feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e (lípa lípe), except if genitive plural has an ending -ih (dežȗrna genitive plural dežȗrnih), those follow the fourth feminine declension. Those ending in [-əu̯] and nouns máti 'mother' and hčȋ 'daughter' also follow this declension. In plural, genitive case has a null ending (víle vȋl 'pitchfork').

The first feminine declension is the most common pattern for feminine nouns. There is no distinction between hard and soft stems (the declension used in modern Slovene was historically the soft one and the merge happened in Alpine Slavic).

Feminine a-stem declension

[edit]

The standard declension of first feminine declension is the a-stem declension.

Feminine a-stem declension endings
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -a -i -e
Genitive -e - -
Dative -i -ama -am
Accusative -o -i -e
Locative -i -ah -ah
Instrumental -o -ama -ami
Vocative -a -i -e

Feminine r-stem declension

[edit]

This declension subtype follow only the nouns máti 'mother' and hči 'daughter'. They have a different stem in nominative singular than in other cases and numbers. (mati matere, hči hčere). There are also minor changes to the endings in singular.

Feminine r-stem declension endings
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -i -i -e
Genitive -e - -
Dative -i -ama -am
Accusative - -i -e
Locative -i -ah -ah
Instrumental -jo -ama -ami
Vocative -i -i -e

Feminine v-stem declension

[edit]

A small number of feminine nouns belongs to the feminine v-stem declension, with the ending -əv (in which the -ə- is a fill vowel). These inflect as r-stems, but with the i-stem instrumental singular ending -ijo and have a null ending in nominative singular. Many nouns in this group can colloquially also inflect as regular a-stems, with the nominative singular ending in -va and accusative and instrumental singular in -vo.

Feminine v-stem declension endings
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative - -i -e
Genitive -e - -
Dative -i -ama -am
Accusative - -i -e
Locative -i -ah -ah
Instrumental -ijo -ama -ami
Vocative - -i -e

Feminine n-stem declension

[edit]

Only few nouns have their stems lengthend with -n, except in nominative singular. The most common example is Jȗno (Jȗno Junọ̑ne), which can also be declined following the third feminine declension (Juno Juno 'Juno') or as an a-stem noun (Junọ̑na Junọ̑ne). The endings are the same as for a-stem nouns. N-stem declension did not exist in Proto-Slavic (at least not for feminine nouns) and it evolved later.

Alternations and other exceptions of the first feminine declension

[edit]
  • Some nouns have ending -e (Melpomene Melpomene 'Melpomene'), silent -e (Marguerite [maɾgaˈɾíːt] Marguerite [maɾgaˈɾíːte] 'Marguerite'), -o (Klȋo Klȋe 'Clio'), or a null ending (Artẹ̑mis Artẹ̑mide 'Artemis'), but most of them also have regularvernacular versions (Melpomena, Margerita, Artemida). The non-vernacular versions can also be declined following the third feminine declension.
  • Latin and Greek names can change the stem from -s to -d (Artẹ̑mis Artẹ̑mide) 'Artemis', -n (Salamȋs Salamȋne 'Salamis'), or -r (Cȇres Cȇrere 'Ceres'). These also have vernacular versions for nominative singular (Artẹ̑mida, Salamȋna, Cȇrera).
  • Mixed accent nouns have in nominative dual (along with the usual ending -i) ending -e that is accented (vóda vóde/vodẹ̄, nominative dual vódi/vodẹ̑).
  • Some mixed accent nouns can in gentitive dual/plural also have ending -a (vóda genitive dual/plural vód/vodā 'stream, lake', cẹ́rkəv genitive dual/plural cẹ̑rkəv/cerkvā 'church') or -i (besẹ̑da genitive dual/plural besedī 'word')
  • Nouns ending in a sonorant have an added fill vowel in genitive dual/plural. The fill vowel is usually /ə/, except before -j-, where the fill vowel is /i/. In some words, the fill vowel is not written, only pronounced (note that lj and nj represent only one sound when not followed by a vowel): dẹ́kla genitive dual/plural dẹ̑kəl 'maidservant', lādja genitive dual/plural lȃdij 'ship', zémlja genitive dual/plural zēməlj 'soil'.
  • Nouns of which the stem ends in a vowel also have an added -j in genitive dual/plural if without an ending: ọ̑boa genitive dual/plural ọ̑boj etc.
  • The noun gospá 'lady, madam' is irregular and has acute accent on all the endings except in vocative.
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative gospá gospẹ́ gospẹ́
Genitive gospẹ́ gospá gospá
Dative gospẹ́ /

gospẹ́j (styl.)

gospẹ́ma gospẹ́m
Accusative gospọ́ gospẹ́ gospẹ́
Locative gospẹ́ /

gospẹ́j (styl.)

gospẹ́h gospẹ́h
Instrumental gospọ́ gospẹ́ma gospẹ́mi
Vocative gospȃ gospẹ̑ gospẹ̑
styl. – stylistically marked

Fixed accent nouns

[edit]
  • Circumflex nouns are always circumflex:
Long Short
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative slȗžba slȗžbi slȗžbe də̏ska də̏ski də̏ske
Genitive slȗžbe slȗžb slȗžb də̏ske də̏sk də̏sk
Dative slȗžbi slȗžbama slȗžbam də̏ski də̏skama də̏skam
Accusative slȗžbo slȗžbi slȗžbe də̏sko də̏ski də̏ske
Locative slȗžbi slȗžbah slȗžbah də̏ski də̏skah də̏skah
Instrumental slȗžbo slȗžbama slȗžbami də̏sko də̏skama də̏skami
Vocative slȗžba slȗžbi slȗžbe də̏ska də̏ski də̏ske
  • Acute nouns have circumflex accent in vocative, genitive dual/plural and instrumental singular. When used as an adverb, accusative and instrumental singular can only be circumflex, and nouns that can also have mixed accent also have accusative plural circumflex:
Long Short
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative lípa lípi lípe dèska [də̀ska] dèski dèske
Genitive lípe lȋp lȋp dèske dèsk dèsk
Dative lípi lípama lípam dèski dèskama dèskam
Accusative lípo lípi lípe dèsko dèski dèske
Locative lípi lípah lípah dèski dèskah dèskah
Instrumental lȋpo lípama lípami dèsko dèskama dèskami
Vocative lȋpa lȋpi lȋpe dèska dèski dèske
  • Acute nouns allow both tones in instrumental singular if the stressed vowel is open-mid:
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative kóšnja kóšnji kóšnje
Genitive kóšnje kȏšenj kȏšenj
Dative kóšnji kóšnjama kóšnjam
Accusative kóšnjo kóšnji kóšnje
Locative kóšnji kóšnjah kóšnjah
Instrumental kōšnjo kóšnjama kóšnjami
Vocative kȏšnja kȏšnji kȏšnje
  • r-stem and v-stem nouns change the accent a bit differently; circumflex nouns are still circumflex in all cases, but acute ones change to circumflex in vocative, instrumental singular and genitive dual/plural. If the nouns also allow mixed accent, then the mixed accent declension follows the same rules:
Circumflex Acute
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative podražȋtəv podražȋtvi podražȋtve cẹ́rkəv cẹ́rkvi cẹ́rkve
Genitive podražȋtve podražȋtəv podražȋtəv cẹ́rkve cẹ̑rkəv cẹ̑rkəv
Dative podražȋtvi podražȋtvama podražȋtvam cẹ́rkvi cẹ́rkvama cẹ́rkvam
Accusative podražȋtəv podražȋtvi podražȋtve cẹ́rkəv cẹ́rkvi cẹ́rkve
Locative podražȋtvi podražȋtvah podražȋtvah cẹ́rkvi cẹ́rkvah cẹ́rkvah
Instrumental podražȋtvijo podražȋtvama podražȋtvami cẹ̑rkvijo cẹ́rkvama cẹ́rkvami
Vocative podražȋtəv podražȋtvi podražȋtve cẹ̑rkəv cẹ̑rkvi cẹ̑rkve

Mobile accent nouns

[edit]

Mobile accent nouns are very rare and are always circumflex:

Singular Dual Plural
Nominative Jȗno Junọ̑ni Junọ̑ne
Genitive Junọ̑ne Junọ̑n Junọ̑n
Dative Junọ̑ni Junọ̑nama Junọ̑nam
Accusative Junọ̑no Junọ̑ni Junọ̑ne
Locative Junọ̑ni Junọ̑nah Junọ̑nah
Instrumental Junọ̑no Junọ̑nama Junọ̑nam
Vocative Jȗno Junọ̑ni Junọ̑ne

Ending accent nouns

[edit]

These nouns are short and circumflex, except if the accent is long; then they follow the same pattern as mixed accent nouns, but genitive dual/plural is circumflex if there is a null ending. The pattern is the same for words of which stems do not have a vowel and words which have the optional stress before the meglȁmègla shift.

Singular Dual Plural
Nominative stezȁ [stəzȁ] stezȉ /

stezẹ̑ (styl.)

stezȅ /

stezẹ̑

Genitive stezȅ /

stezẹ̄ (styl.)

stȅz / stezá stȅz / stezá
Dative stezȉ stezȃma stezȁm
Accusative stezȍ /

stezọ̑ (styl.)

stezȉ /

stezẹ̑ (styl.)

stezȅ /

stezẹ̑

Locative stezȉ stezȁh stezȁh
Instrumental stezȍ /

stezọ́ (styl.)

stezȃma stezȃmi
Vocative stezȁ stezȉ /

stezẹ̑ (styl.)

stezȅ /

stezẹ̑

styl. – stylistically marked

Mixed accent nouns

[edit]

These nouns can only be acute in nominative singular, but the stressed endings are acute, except genitive case, where both forms are allowed and in instrumental singular, where it is acute. In genitive dual/plural, they usually have an ending -a or -i, but if they do not, the vowel is acute, or acute or circumflex if it is a fill vowel /a/. All words can also have fixed accent, but nouns that in genitive dual/plural have a null ending have the same form as in the mixed accent.

Genitive plural -a / -i Genitive plural Genitive plural has a fill vowel
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative góra góri /

gorẹ̑ (styl.)

gorẹ̑ nóga nógi /

nogẹ̑ (styl.)

nogẹ̑ óvca óvci /

ovcẹ̑ (styl.)

ovcẹ̑
Genitive gorẹ̄ gorā gorā nogẹ̄ nọ́g nọ́g ovcẹ̄ ovāc ovāc
Dative góri gorȃma gorȁm nógi nogȃma nogȁm óvci ovcȃma ovcȁm
Accusative gorọ̑ góri /

gorẹ̑ (styl.)

gorẹ̑ nogọ̑ nógi /

nogẹ̑ (styl.)

nogẹ̑ ovcọ̑ óvci /

ovcẹ̑ (styl.)

ovcẹ̑
Locative góri gorȁh gorȁh nógi nogȁh nogȁh óvci ovcȁh ovcȁh
Instrumental gorọ́ gorȃma gorȃmi nogọ́ nogȃma nogȃmi ovcọ́ ovcȃma ovcȃmi
Vocative gȏra gȏri /

gorẹ̑ (styl.)

gorẹ̑ nȏgo nȏgi /

nogẹ̑ (styl.)

nogẹ̑ ȏvca ȏvci /

ovcẹ̑ (styl.)

ovcẹ̑

Second feminine declension (feminine i-stem declension)

[edit]

The second feminine declension is less common. It is used primarily by the widely-productive abstract-noun suffix -ost, but a fair number of other nouns (mostly of Common Slavic origin) also follow it. The endings, however, are different if the noun follows the mixed or ending-accentual type or if the accent is always on the stem.

Second feminine declension endings
Fixed and mobile accent Ending and mixed accent
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative - -i -i - -i -i
Genitive -i -i -i -i -i -i
Dative -i -ma / -imi -im -i -ema -em
Accusative - -i -i - -i -i
Locative -i -ih -ih -i -eh -eh
Instrumental -jo -ma / -imi -mi -jo -ema -mi
Vocative - -i -i - -i -i

Alternations and other exceptions of the second feminine declension

[edit]
  • Nouns with stems that end in a non-sonorant consonant and a sonorant have a fill vowel inserted between them in nominative and accusative singular and add -i at the end of their stem in cases when the ending does not begin with a vowel (instrumental in all numbers and dative dual), such as mȋsəł mȋsli, instrumental singular mȋslijo, dative/instrumental dual mȋslima, instrumental plural mȋslimi 'thought' and svȋsli dative plural svȋslima 'hayloft'.
  • Nouns with stems ending in -j have an ending -o in instrumental singular (pọ́stelj instrumental singular pọ̄steljo 'bed' (archaic)).
  • When used as an adverb, some also change the accent, e.g., na pọ̑mlad 'in the spring', s pọ̑ti/s potȋ '[to move something] out of the way'.
  • The feminine noun krȋ 'blood' follows the mixed-accent type, but replaces the final -v with -i in the nominative and accusative singular.
Singular
Nominative krȋ
Genitive krvȋ
Dative kŕvi
Accusative krȋ
Locative kŕvi
Instrumental krvjọ́
Vocative krȋ

Fixed accent nouns

[edit]
  • Nouns that are circumflex in nominative and genitive singular have circumflex accent in all cases, and the short accent becomes long:
Long → long Short → long
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative pošȃst pošȃsti pošȃsti nȉt nȋti nȋti
Genitive pošȃsti pošȃsti pošȃsti nȋti nȋti nȋti
Dative pošȃsti pošȃstma /

pošȃstima

pošȃstim nȋti nȋtma /

nȋtima

nȋtim
Accusative pošȃst pošȃsti pošȃsti nȉt nȋti nȋti
Locative pošȃsti pošȃstih pošȃstih nȋti nȋtih nȋtih
Instrumental pošȃstjo pošȃstma /

pošȃstima

pošȃstmi nȋtjo nȋtma /

nȋtima

nȋtmi
Vocative pošȃst pošȃsti pošȃsti nȉt nȋti nȋti
  • Nouns that are acute in nominative and genitive singular follow two patterns, depending on whether the stress falls (in that case) on the second-to-last syllable or comes before, which in regular nouns translates into whether the stress is on the penultimate or the last syllable in nominative singular:
Stress on the penultimate syllable Stress on the last syllable
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative stárost stárosti stárosti lúč lúči lúči
Genitive stárosti stárosti stárosti lúči lūči lūči
Dative stárosti stárostma /

stárostima

stárostim lúči lūčma /

lúčima

lúčim
Accusative stárost stárosti stárosti lúč lúči lúči
Locative stárosti stárostih stárostih lúči lūčih lūčih
Instrumental stārostjo stárostma /

stárostima

stárostmi lȗčjo lūčma /

lúčima

lūčmi
Vocative stȃrost stȃrosti stȃrosti lȗč lȗči lȗči
  • Nouns that are circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular change the accent in a very similar way to acute nouns. Vocative and Instrumental singular are circumflex, genitive dual/plural allows both accents, and locative dual/plural, instrumental dual and plural, and dative dual also allow both accents if the penultimate syllable is stressed.
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative mȉš míši míši
Genitive míši mīši mīši
Dative míši mīšma /

míšima

míšim
Accusative mȉš míši míši
Locative míši mīših mīših
Instrumental mȋšjo mīšma /

míšima

mīšmi
Vocative mȉš mȋši mȋši

Mobile accent nouns

[edit]

These nouns can be either circumflex or acute in nominative singular, but all of them are circumflex in all other forms:

Singular Dual Plural
Nominative senóžet senožẹ̑ti senožẹ̑ti
Genitive senožẹ̑ti senožẹ̑ti senožẹ̑ti
Dative senožẹ̑ti senožẹ̑tma /

senožẹ̑tima

senožẹ̑tim
Accusative senóžet senožẹ̑ti senožẹ̑ti
Locative senožẹ̑ti senožẹ̑tih senožẹ̑tih
Instrumental senožẹ̑tjo senožẹ̑tma /

senožẹ̑tima

senožẹ̑tmi
Vocative senȏžet senožẹ̑ti senožẹ̑ti

Ending accent nouns

[edit]

There are two subtypes. The first one is not purely ending accent as it has accent on the stem in dative and locative singular and appears if a long fill vowel is stressed in nominative singular. In that case, the e and o accented on the stem are open-mid. The other form is present if the short fill vowel is stressed in nominative singular.

Long fill vowel Short fill vowel (/ə/)
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ravȃn ravnȋ ravnȋ debə̏r debrȋ debrȋ
Genitive ravnȋ ravnī ravnī debrȋ debrī debrī
Dative rávni ravnẹ̄ma ravnẹ̄m debrȉ debrẹ̄ma debrẹ̄m
Accusative ravȃn ravnȋ ravnȋ debə̏r debrȋ debrȋ
Locative rávni ravnẹ́h ravnẹ́h debrȉ debrẹ́h debrẹ́h
Instrumental ravnjọ́ ravnẹ̄ma ravnmí debrijọ́ debrẹ̄ma debrmí
Vocative ravȃn ravnȋ ravnȋ debə̏r debrȋ debrȋ

Mixed accent nouns

[edit]

These nouns can only be circumflex and follow the same pattern as ending-accent nouns with long as a fill vowel. If the accent is on e or o in dative singular, the vowels are open-mid.

Singular Dual Plural
Nominative stvȃr stvarȋ stvarȋ
Genitive stvarȋ stvarī stvarī
Dative stvári stvarẹ̄ma stvarẹ̄m
Accusative stvȃr stvarȋ stvarȋ
Locative stvári stvarẹ́h stvarẹ́h
Instrumental stvarjọ́ starẹ̄ma stvarmí
Vocative stvȃr stvarȋ stvarȋ

Third feminine declension (feminine declension without endings)

[edit]

Third feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (-). This declension follow surnames of women (but those ending in -a can also follow first feminine declension), female names, which do not have an ending -a or -e in nominative singular (except most of the Latin and Greek names), such as Kȃrin, Ȋnes, and KȊti, acronyms that keep the feminine gender of the word(s) they represent and do not end in an unstressed a (SAZȖ SAZU 'Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts' and ZDA ZDȂ) 'USA', diminutives of female names and common nouns ending in -i (Ȃni Ȃni (a female name), Mȃlči Mȃlči (a female name), mȃmi mȃmi 'mommy', bȃbi bȃbi 'granny'), and some other words, such as spẹ̄cies spẹ̄cies.

Third feminine declension ending
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative - - -
Genitive - - -
Dative - - -
Accusative - - -
Locative - - -
Instrumental - - -
Vocative - - -

Alternations and other exceptions of the third feminine declension

[edit]
  • Some names can also follow first feminine declension (Rȗth Rȗthe/Rȗth 'Ruth')
  • Sometimes, nouns nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba 'menace', nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba 'two menaces', and nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba 'menaces' are considered one irregular noun instead of three nouns that only have a singular, dual, and a plural form, respectively. In that case, the infix -je- is changed to -ju- in dual and to -jih- in plural. The infix is actually a personal pronoun óna 'she' in genitive case:
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Genitive nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Dative nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Accusative nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Locative nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Instrumental nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Vocative nebọ̑dijetrẹ̑ba nebọ̑dijutrẹ̑ba nebọ̑dijihtrẹ̑ba

Accent

[edit]

Words declined this way always have fixed accent, which is the same throughout, no matter if it is circumflex or acute, long or short. The only exception is vocative, where the accent is circumflex.

Circumflex Acute Short
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative pọ̑lis pọ̑lis pọ̑lis spẹ́cies spẹ́cies spẹ́cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ
Genitive pọ̑lis pọ̑lis pọ̑lis spẹ́cies spẹ́cies spẹ́cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ
Dative pọ̑lis pọ̑lis pọ̑lis spẹ́cies spẹ́cies spẹ́cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ
Accusative pọ̑lis pọ̑lis pọ̑lis spẹ́cies spẹ́cies spẹ́cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ
Locative pọ̑lis pọ̑lis pọ̑lis spẹ́cies spẹ́cies spẹ́cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ
Instrumental pọ̑lis pọ̑lis pọ̑lis spẹ́cies spẹ́cies spẹ́cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ
Vocative pọ̑lis pọ̑lis pọ̑lis spẹ̑cies spẹ̑cies spẹ̑cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ

Fourth feminine declension (feminine i-/e-stem declension)

[edit]

Fourth feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e and genitive dual/plural is -ih. The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. The declension is the same as declension for definite feminine adjectives.

Fourth feminine declension endings
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -a -i -e
Genitive -e -ih -ih
Dative -i -ima -im
Accusative -o -i -e
Locative -i -ih -ih
Instrumental -o -ima -imi
Vocative -a -i -e

This declension does not seem to have any alterations.

Accent

[edit]

These nouns decline the same way as definite masculine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension. Therefore, only fixed- and ending-accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see § Accent of nominalized adjectives.

First neuter declension

[edit]

The vast majority of neuter nouns follow the first neuter declension. This declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -a. These can have in nominative singular ending -o (following hard o-stem declension), -e (following soft o-stem declension), or a null ending (following one of the other declension subtypes), but in these cases, the stem ends in -e or -o.

Neuter o-/e-stem declension

[edit]

The neuter o-stem declension closely resembles its masculine counterpart. The nominative and accusative always have the same form, however, with endings that differ from the masculine nouns. The genitive dual/plural has no ending like in the feminine a-stems. The neuter o-stems are divided between "hard" and "soft" stems, like the masculines.

Neuter o-stem endings
Hard declension Soft declension
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -o -i -a -e -i -a
Genitive -a - - -a - -
Dative -u / -i (styl.) -oma -om -u / -i (styl.) -ema -em
Accusative -o -i -a -e -i -a
Locative -u / -i (styl.) -ih -ih -u / -i (styl.) -ih -ih
Instrumental -om -oma -i -em -ema -i
Vocative -o -i -a -e -i -a
styl. – the form is stylistically marked.

Neuter n-, s- and t-stem declensions

[edit]

A small group of neuter nouns follow the neuter n-stem, neuter s-stem or neuter t-stem declensions. These use the same endings as the o-stems (except in nominative and accusative singular), but there is an additional consonant infix (-n-, -s-, -t-) that is present in all forms except the nominative/accusative singular. The n-stem and t-stem are soft in nominative/accusative singular, while in most s-stem nouns, the stem -e before the infix changes into -o. Since these nouns in nominative/accusative singular already end in -e/-o, there is a null ending.

n-stem s-stem (o → e) s-stem (e → e) t-stem
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative imẹ̑ imẹ̑ni imẹ̑na telọ̑ telẹ̑si telẹ̑sa ojẹ̑ ojẹ̑si ojẹ̑sa deklȅ deklẹ́ti deklẹ̑ta
Genitive imẹ̑na imẹ̑n imẹ̑n telẹ̑sa telẹ̑s telẹ̑s ojẹ̑sa ojẹ̑s ojẹ̑s deklẹ́ta deklẹ̑t deklẹ̑t
Dative imẹ̑nu /

imẹ̑ni (styl.)

imẹ̑noma imẹ̑nom telẹ̑su /

telẹ̑si (styl.)

telẹ̑soma telẹ̑som ojẹ̑su /

ojẹ̑si (styl.)

ojẹ̑soma ojẹ̑som deklẹ̄tu /

deklẹ̄ti (styl.)

deklẹ̄toma deklẹ̑tom
Accusative imẹ̑ imẹ̑ni imẹ̑na telọ̑ telẹ̑si telẹ̑sa ojẹ̑ ojẹ̑si ojẹ̑sa deklȅ deklẹ́ti deklẹ̑ta
Locative imẹ̑nu /

imẹ̑ni (styl.)

imẹ̑nih imẹ̑nih telẹ̑su /

telẹ̑si (styl.)

telẹ̑sih telẹ̑sih ojẹ̑su /

ojẹ̑si (styl.)

ojẹ̑sih ojẹ̑sih deklẹ̄tu /

deklẹ̄ti (styl.)

deklẹ̑tih deklẹ̑tih
Instrumental imẹ̑nom imẹ̑noma imẹ̑ni telẹ̑som telẹ̑soma telẹ̑si ojẹ̑som ojẹ̑soma ojẹ̑si deklẹ́tom deklẹ̄toma deklẹ̑ti
Vocative imẹ̑ imẹ̑ni imẹ̑na telọ̑ telẹ̑si telẹ̑sa ojẹ̑ ojẹ̑si ojẹ̑sa deklȅ deklẹ́ti deklẹ̑ta
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Alternations and other exceptions of the first neuter declension

[edit]
  • In mixed accentual types, unstressed e and o can either become /e/ or /o/, /ɛ/ or /ɔ/, or both (srebrọ̑ dative singular srẹ̄bru/srēbru 'silver', mesọ̑ dative singular mẹ̄su/mēsu 'meat').
  • In the 19th century the ending -i was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of -u. For example, nominative mọ̑rje 'sea', dative/locative mọ̑rji. Nowadays this ending is considered archaic or dialectal.
  • Some nouns with a stressed /ɛ/ or /ɔ/ can also have dual and plural forms with /e/ or /o/, such as ókno 'window', nominative plural ókna/ȏkna/ọ́kna and rébro 'rib', nominative plural rébra/rȇbra/rẹ́bra/rẹ̑bra.
  • Nouns ending in a non-sonorant consonant and a sonorant or a sonorant followed by -r, -lj, or -nj, have a fill vowel /ə/ or /i/, if the stem ends in -j, when there is a null ending (ókno genitive plural óken 'window', poslọ̑pje genitive plural poslọ̑pij 'building')
  • A few neuter s-stem nouns show the effects of the Slavic first palatalisation in the forms with the infix -es-:
    • The noun okọ̑ 'eye' has the stem očẹ̑s-. It also has a shorter plural stem oč- when referring to human eyes. This stem is feminine rather than neuter, and follows the mixed i-stem declension.
    • The noun uhọ̑ 'ear' has the stem ušẹ́s-, with a change in accent type. The genitive plural allows both accents.
    • The noun igọ̑ 'yoke' has the stem ižẹ̑s-.
  • Nouns without a vowel in the stem add a fill vowel /ə/ in genitive dual/plural. Noun dnȍ 'bottom' has an ending -ov or, as tlȁ, has a fill vowel -a- (tlȁ tál/táł, dnȍ dnȍv/dán), but the -ovversion is preferred. Noun dnȍ is also irregular in locative where it is either dnȉh or dnẹ́h (dnȉh is preferred) and noun tlȁ is also irregular in locative and instrumental (nominative plural tlȁ locative plural tlẹ́h instrumental plural tlẹ́mi/tlí).
  • Noun dŕva 'firewood' is also irregular, having two forms for locative and instrumental: nominative plural dŕva locative plural drvẹ́h/dr̄vih, instrumental plural drvmí/dŕvi. The irregular forms are preferred.
  • Some nouns, such as črevọ̑ 'intestine' (stem črevẹ̑s-) lose the infix in the plural: črẹ́va.

Fixed accent nouns

[edit]

Note that all these nouns have the same accent on dative and locative forms with ending in -i.

  • Circumflex nouns are always circumflex, except in plural, where the ones that lose the infix are acute in nominative/accusative plural and follow acute accentuation in other cases:
o-stem s/t/n-stem Loses the infix Irregular (plural archaic)
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative sọ̑nce sọ̑nci sọ̑nca kolọ̑ kolẹ̑si kolẹ̑sa črevọ̑ črevẹ̑si črẹ́va okọ̑ očẹ̑si ọ̑ka
Genitive sọ̑nca sọ̑nc sọ̑nc kolẹ̑sa kolẹ̑s kolẹ̑s črevẹ̑sa črẹ̑v črẹ̑v očẹ̑s ọ̑k ọ̑k
Dative sọ̑ncu sọ̑ncema sọ̑ncem kolẹ̑su kolẹ̑soma kolẹ̑som črevẹ̑su črevẹ̑soma črẹ̑vom očẹ̑su očẹ̑soma ọ̑kom
Accusative sọ̑nce sọ̑nci sọ̑nca kolọ̑ kolẹ̑si kolẹ̑sa črevọ̑ črevẹ̑si črẹ́va okọ̑ očẹ̑si ọ̑ka
Locative sọ̑ncu sọ̑ncih sọ̑ncih kolẹ̑su kolẹ̑sih kolẹ̑sih črevẹ̑su črẹ̑vih črẹ̑vih očẹ̑su ọ̑kih ọ̑kih
Instrumental sọ̑ncem sọ̑ncema sọ̑nci kolẹ̑som kolẹ̑soma kolẹ̑si črevẹ̑som črevẹ̑soma črẹ̑vi očẹ̑som očẹ̑soma ọ̑ki
Vocative sọ̑nce sọ̑nci sọ̑nca kolọ̑ kolẹ̑si kolẹ̑sa črevọ̑ črevẹ̑si črẹ̑va okọ̑ očẹ̑si ọ̑ka
  • Nouns that are circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive plural allow both accents in locative and dative singular after preposition and in dual. They are circumflex in plural and acute in other forms in singular. The exception is the word uhọ̑, which is acute in other forms, except in vocative, where it is circumflex and genitive dual/plural, where it can also be circumflex:
Short → long Long → long
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative deklȅ deklẹ̄ti deklẹ̑ta uhọ̑ ušẹ́si ušẹ́sa
Genitive deklẹ́ta deklẹ̑t deklẹ̑t ušẹ́sa ušẹ̄s ušẹ̄s
Dative deklẹ́tu / deklẹ̄tu (+ prep.) deklẹ̄toma deklẹ̑tom ušẹ́su ušẹ́soma ušẹ́som
Accusative deklȅ deklẹ̄ti deklẹ̑ta uhọ̑ ušẹ́si ušẹ́sa
Locative deklẹ̄tu deklẹ̑tih deklẹ̑tih ušẹ́su ušẹ́sih ušẹ́sih
Instrumental deklẹ́tom deklẹ̄toma deklẹ̑ti ušẹ́som ušẹ́soma ušẹ́si
Vocative deklȅ deklẹ̑ti deklẹ̑ta uhọ̑ ušẹ̑si ušẹ̑sa
  • Most acute nouns have circumflex accent in plural and allow both accents in dual, except in vocative, where it is always circumflex:
o-stem s/t/n-stem
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative kopíto kopīti kopȋta víme vīmeni vȋmena
Genitive kopíta kopȋt kopȋt vímena vȋmen vȋmen
Dative kopítu kopītoma kopȋtom vímenu vīmenoma vȋmenom
Accusative kopíto kopīti kopȋta víme vīmeni vȋmena
Locative kopítu kopȋtih kopȋtih vímenu vȋmenih vȋmenih
Instrumental kopítom kopītoma kopȋti vímenom vīmenoma vȋmeni
Vocative kopȋto kopȋti kopȋta vȋme vȋmeni vȋmena

Acute nouns that are stressed on an open-mid vowel in nominative singular, diminutives ending in -ce in nominative singular, plurale tantum, and noun jájce are, if composed of two syllables, acute in nominative/genitive plural or allow both if the stressed vowel is open-mid. If the noun is composed of more than three syllables, then they allow both accents no matter the stressed vowel. Those that are acute or open-mid vowel in nominative/accusative plural (except close-mid vowel in nouns that can also be declined with an open-mid vowel) are circumflex or acute in genitive and locative dual/plural, and instrumental plural, except if the stressed vowel is open-mid (in that case the accent is circumflex in genitive dual/plural) or if the stem ends in or -r followed or preceded by at least one other consonant; these are circumflex in genitive and locative dual/plural, and instrumental plural. Dative plural is in all nouns accented the same as nominative plural. The accent in dual is either that of the singular or that of the plural form:

Two syllables More than two syllables Open-mid vowel,

two syllables

Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative jájce jájci jájca nakoválce nakovālci nakovālca ókno ōkni ōkna / ọ́kna
Genitive jájca jājc jājc nakoválca nakovȃlc nakovȃlc ókno ȏken / ọ́ken ȏken / ọ́ken
Dative jájcu jájcema jájcem nakoválcu nakovālcema nakovālcem óknu ōknoma ōknom / ọ́knom
Accusative jájce jájci jájca nakoválce nakovālci nakovālca ókno ōkni ōkna / ọ́kna
Locative jájcu jājcih jājcih nakoválcu nakovȃlcih nakovȃlcih óknu ōknih / ọ́knih ōknih / ọ́knih
Instrumental jájcem jājcema jājci nakoválcem nakovālcema nakovȃlci óknom ōknoma ōkni / ọ́kni
Vocative jȃjce jȃjci jȃjca nakovȃlce nakovȃlci nakovȃlca ȏkno ȏkni ȏkna / ọ̑kna
Open-mid vowel,

more than two syllables

Stem ending in or -r + cons.
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative rešéto rešēti rešēta / rešẹ̄ta rébro rébri rēbra / rẹ́bra
Genitive rešéta rešȇt / rešẹ̄t rešȇt / rešẹ̄t rébra rȇber / rẹ̑ber rȇber / rẹ̑ber
Dative rešétu rešētoma rešētom / rešẹ̄tom rébru rébroma rēbrom / rẹ́brom
Accusative rešéto rešēti rešēta / rešẹ̄ta rébro rébri rēbra / rẹ́bra
Locative rešétu rešētih / rešẹ̄tih rešētih / rešẹ̄tih rébru rȇbrih / rẹ̑brih rȇbrih / rẹ̑brih
Instrumental rešétom rešētoma rešēti / rešẹ̄ti rébrom rébroma rȇbri / rẹ̑bri
Vocative rešȇto rešȇti rešȇta / rešẹ̑ta rȇbro rȇbri rȇbra / rẹ̑bra
  • Plurale tantum can additionally follow one of these two accent changes:
V́ V̄
Plural Plural
Nominative vráta ústa
Genitive vrát ūst
Dative vrátom ústom
Accusative vráta ústa
Locative vrátih ústih
Instrumental vráti ústi
Vocative vrȃta ȗsta
  • Nouns stégno and lẹ́to change the accent irregularly. Stégno is circumflex in plural with close-mid vowel (alongside the regular open-mid vowel), even though it would be expected to be acute, and lẹ́to can only be acute in nominative and accusative plural:
stégno lẹ́to
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative stégno stēgni stēgna / stẹ̑gna lẹ́to lẹ́ti lẹ̑ta
Genitive stégna stȇgen / stẹ̑gen stȇgen / stẹ̑gen lẹ́ta lẹ̑t lẹ̑t
Dative stégnu stēgnoma stēgnom / stẹ̑gnom lẹ́tu lẹ̄toma lẹ̑tom
Accusative stégno stēgni stēgna / stẹ̑gna lẹ́to lẹ́ti lẹ̑ta
Locative stégnu stēgnih / stẹ̑gnih stēgnih / stẹ̑gnih lẹ́tu lẹ̑tih lẹ̑tih
Instrumental stégnom stēgnoma stēgni / stẹ̑gni lẹ́tom lẹ̄toma lẹ̑ti
Vocative stȇgno stȇgni stȇgna / stẹ̑gna lẹ̑to lẹ̑ti lẹ̑ta

Mobile accent nouns

[edit]

These nouns are always acute in nominative singular, but can either be circumflex or acute in genitive singular. The circumflex stay circumflex in all other cases while acute ones further decline as fixed accent nouns which have short circumflex accent in nominative singular and are acute in genitive singular:

Circumflex Acute
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative bédro bedrẹ̑si bedrẹ̑sa téle telẹ̄ti telẹ̑ta
Genitive bedrẹ̑sa bedrẹ̑s bedrẹ̑s telẹ́ta telẹ̑t telẹ̑t
Dative bedrẹ̑su / bedrẹ̑si (styl.) bedrẹ̑soma bedrẹ̑som telẹ́tu / telẹ̄tu (+ prep.) /

telẹ́ti (styl.) / telẹ̄ti (+ prep., styl.)

telẹ̄toma telẹ̑tom
Accusative bédro bedrẹ̑si bedrẹ̑sa téle telẹ̄ti telẹ̑ta
Locative bedrẹ̑su / bedrẹ̑si (styl.) bedrẹ̑sih bedrẹ̑sih telẹ̄tu / telẹ̄ti (styl.) telẹ̑tih telẹ̑tih
Instrumental bedrẹ̑som bedrẹ̑soma bedrẹ̑si telẹ́tom telẹ̄toma telẹ̑ti
Vocative bȇdro bedrẹ̑si bedrẹ̑sa tȇle telẹ̑ti telẹ̑ta
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Ending accent nouns

[edit]

These nouns always have short accent, except in dative and instrumental singular, where the accent is the same (but acute if long) as their fixed accent counterparts (if the stem has a fill vowel, then the noun can also be declined as a fixed accent noun), or is long circumflex (acute according to Slovenski pravopis) open-mid o or long circumflex (acute according to Slovenski pravopis) closed-mid e if the stem does not have a vowel. Long vowel is also the fill vowel a in genitive dual/plural and if nouns have special ending in plural and some dual cases. These are dative plural ending is -ẹ̑m instead of -om / -em, locative dual/plural ending -ẹ́h instead of -ih, instrumental plural -mí / -ẹ̄mi instead of -i, and dative and instrumental dual ending is -ẹ̑ma instead of -oma / -ema. Nouns, where the accent is not on the last syllable in genitive dual/plural, allow both accents in that case.

Regular Special endings Special endings
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Plural
Nominative zlȍ zlȉ zlȁ tlȍ tlȉ tlȁ drvȁ
Genitive zlȁ zȅl zȅl tlȁ tál tál dŕv
Dative zlȕ / zlȉ (styl.) zlȏma /

zlóma

zlȍm tlȕ / tlȉ (styl.) tlȏma /

tlóma

tlȍm drvȍm
Accusative zlȍ zlȉ zlȁ tlȍ tlȉ tlȁ drvȁ
Locative zlȕ / zlȉ (styl.) zlȉh zlȉh tlȕ / tlȉ (styl.) tlẹ́h tlẹ́h drvẹ́h
Instrumental zlȍm zlȏma /

zlóma

zlȉ tlȍm tlȏma /

tlóma

tlẹ̄mi drvmí
Vocative zlȍ zlȉ zlȁ tlȍ tlȉ tlȁ drvȁ
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Mixed accent nouns

[edit]

Mixed accent nouns are always circumflex, except open-mid e and o allow both accents. Slovenski pravopis dictates that also closed-mid e and o allow both accents, but the Dictionary of Slovene written language does not. The same rules also apply to dative and genitive forms ending in -i, not written below due to simplicity.

Regular Open-mid vowel
Singular Dual Plural Singular
Nominative blagọ̑ blȃgi blȃga prosọ̑
Genitive blagȃ blȃg blȃg prosȃ
Dative blȃgu blȃgoma blȃgom prōsu /

prọ̑su (prọ́su)

Accusative blagọ̑ blȃgi blȃga prosọ̑
Locative blȃgu blȃgih blȃgih prōsu /

prọ̑su (prọ́su)

Instrumental blȃgom blȃgoma blȃgi prōsom /

prọ̑som (prọ́som)

Vocative blagọ̑ blȃgi blȃga prosọ̑

Second neuter declension (neuter a-stem declension)

[edit]

Second neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e. In modern Slovene, only pronouns jȁz 'I', 'you', and se(be), which is a reflexive personal pronoun are considered to follow this declension. Therefore, for the accent, endings, and alternations, see those three pronouns in the pronouns section.

Third neuter declension (neuter declension without endings)

[edit]

Third neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (-). This declension follow all nominalized cardinal numerals (when expressed with a number or a word) and verbs that are used as a noun (dóbro jẹ́sti dóbrega jẹ́sti 'eat well', but only a handful of other words, such as domȃ in the phrase ljubo doma kdor ga ima 'home sweet home'. This declension does not seem to have any alterations.

Third neuter declension endings
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative - - -
Genitive - - -
Dative - - -
Accusative - - -
Locative - - -
Instrumental - - -
Vocative - - -

Accent

[edit]

These accents can only have fixed accent, which does not change, except the acute accent changes into circumflex in vocative.

Circumflex Acute Short
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative trȋ trȋ trȋ éna éna éna nȉč nȉč nȉč
Genitive trȋ trȋ trȋ éna éna éna nȉč nȉč nȉč
Dative trȋ trȋ trȋ éna éna éna nȉč nȉč nȉč
Accusative trȋ trȋ trȋ éna éna éna nȉč nȉč nȉč
Locative trȋ trȋ trȋ éna éna éna nȉč nȉč nȉč
Instrumental trȋ trȋ trȋ éna éna éna nȉč nȉč nȉč
Vocative trȋ trȋ trȋ ȇna ȇna ȇna nȉč nȉč nȉč

Fourth neuter declension (neuter i-/e-stem declension)

[edit]

Fourth neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -ega. The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. The declension is the same as declension for neuter adjectives. Most of these nouns are geographical names and only have a singular form. This declension also differentiates between hard and soft stems, but only in nominative and accusative singular.

Fourth neuter declension
Hard Soft
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -o -i -a -e -i -a
Genitive -ega -ih -ih -ega -ih -ih
Dative -emu -ima -im -emu -ima -im
Accusative -o -i -a -e -i -a
Locative -em -ih -ih -em -ih -ih
Instrumental -im -ima -imi -im -ima -imi
Vocative -o -i -a -e -i -a

This declension does not seem to have any alterations.

Accent

[edit]

These nouns decline the same way as definite feminine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do. Therefore, only fixed and ending accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see § Accent of nomnalized adjectives.

Nouns that switch gender

[edit]
  • Some masculine nouns of Latin origin can be apart from being declined regularly in plural declined following the first neuter declension, such as frikatȋv 'fricative', nominative plural frikativa, genitive plural frikativ. The normal declension is usually preferred.
  • Some neuter geographical names einding in -sko or -ško (Dolẹ̑njsko, Norvẹ̑ško) follow neuter declension in some cases and feminine in other. Neuter declension is mostly present only in locative after preposition na. These nouns however, are commonly split into two versions, one following the feminine declension and one following neuter declension:
Feminine gender Neuter gender
Singular Singular
Nominative Dolẹ́njska Dolẹ̑njsko
Genitive Dolẹ́njske Dolẹ̑njskega
Dative Dolẹ́njski Dolẹ̑njskemu
Accusative Dolẹ́njsko /

Dolẹ̑njsko (used as an adverb)

Dolẹ̑njsko
Locative Dolẹ́njski Dolẹ̑njskem
Instrumental Dolẹ̑njsko Dolẹ̑njskim
Vocative Dolẹ̑njska Dolẹ̑njsko
  • Some mixed-accented neuter nouns can become masculine (along with the usual declension) in dual and plural, having an -ov- infix and following first masculine declension.
  • Nouns following second masculine declension can be feminine or masculine in dual and plural, but in either case they decline the same, as described above.
  • Noun okọ̑ when meaning 'eye' has plural očȋ, which further declines as a regular feminine i-stem noun with mixed accent.
  • Noun pọ̄t has a stylistically marked plural and dual forms following neuter o-stem declension: pọ̑ti and pọ̑ta.
  • Noun deklȅ is in vast majority of examples neuter, but can also dialectally or archaically be feminine, but still following the same declension.

Nouns composed of two or more words

[edit]

When a noun composed of two or more words, sometimes all words are declined as they would be if alone, but there are additional rules.

Proper & common nouns

[edit]

If all parts of a proper nouns grammatically match then all of them are declined, such as Ivan Cankar Ivana Cankarja 'Ivan Cankar' and Mokro Polje Mokrega Polja 'Mokro Polje'. The exception are surnames of females, which in most cases follow third declensions and have the same ending in all cases (Majda Vrhovnik Majde Vrhovnik 'Majda Vrhovnik'), but surnames following female declensions (usually ending in -a) can be also declined following the original declension (Ana Kopriva Ane Kopriva/Ane Koprive 'Ana Kopriva'). If both females and males with the same surname are mentioned, the surname is declined following original declension if the last name listed is male and follow the exception if the last name listed is female, but both first names are declined as they would normally: Pino in Pia MlakarPina in Pie Mlakar (last listed first name is female) and Pia in Pino MlakarPie in Pina Mlakarja (last listed first name is male). In combination of two names, such as Šmarje - Sap 'Šmarje–Sap' and Gozd - Martuljek 'Gozd Martuljek', both nouns are declined (Šmarje - Sapa, Gozda - Martuljka).

If a part of the composed noun does not grammatically match, it usually follows third declensions, such as Hotel Turist (hotel named "Turist") Hotela Turista, except in some rare cases, such as Založba Lipa (publishing house named "Lipa") Založbe Lipe. If the first part of a compound loanword is considered an adjective or is considered not to be able to stan by itself, then this part also follows third declensions, such as Downing Street Downing Streeta 'Down Street', Kon Tiki Kon Tikija 'Kon Tiki', Monte Carlo Monte Carla 'Monte Carlo', U Tant U Tanta 'U Thant', Mao Cetung Mao Cetunga 'Mao Zedong', but some can be declined following the usual declension or the third, such as Rio de Janeiro Ria de Janeira/Rio de Janeira 'Rio de Janeiro'. Some of these names can also be shortened to only the first word, which in that case follows the usual declension Rio Ria 'Rio de Janeiro' and Mao Maa 'Mao'. Compound loanword nouns with unusual endings for their gender or number follow third declensions: Pickwick Papers Pickwick Papers 'Pickwhick Papers', École des Hautes Études École des Hautes Études 'École des Hautes Études'. Part of nouns, called predimki in Slovene (lit. forenames), part between the name and surname, which was originally usually an article, also follow third declensions: fra Bartolo fra Bartola, Dos Passos Dos Passosa. Some other common words that fall into this category are also van, von, de, Don, O', Las, Los, La, and M'.

When a common noun has a proper noun as a modifier, the proper noun in some cases follows the usual declension and sometimes the third: mesto Ljubljana mesta Ljubljane (the city of Ljubljana), reka Soča reke Soče (the Soča river), as opposed to kraj Mostec kraja Mostec (the town of Mostec), gostilna Gorjanc gostilne Gorjanc (a restaurant named "Gorjanc"). Some can be declined both ways, such as podjetje Iskra podjetja Iskra/podjetja Iskre (Iskra company).

Vernacular & Vernacularized nouns

[edit]

In those cases, all words are declined as usual, such as črno zlato črnega zlata 'coal' and človek žaba človeka žabe, nominative plural ljudje žabe 'frogman', except when they are part of the same word written apart where the first part follows third declensions, such as vikend hiša 'holiday cottage' vikend hiše and žiro račun 'deposit account' žiro računa. In these cases, writing words together is favored (vikendhiša, žiroračun)

Non-vernacularized nouns

[edit]

Nouns that are not fully integrated in Slovene (are not fully vernacularized) are split into two categories: quoted (citatne) and semi-quoted (polcitatne), depending on how much they are integrated.

All parts of masculine semi-quoted nouns are usually declined following the usual inflection pattern, which is either first, second, or fourth masculine declension, but some that have an unusual ending follow the third masculine declension: [[Sympathetic nervous system|nervus sympathicus]] nervusa sympathicusa, but [[curriculum vitae|curriculum vitae]] curriculuma vitae. Feminine semi-quoted nouns ending in -a in nominative singular are declined following the first feminine declension and others follow the third: [[alma mater|alma mater]] alme mater and [[Smilax aspera|Smilax aspera]] Smilax aspere.

Quoted nouns are declined as originally in the language they were borrowed from: [[alma mater|alma mater]] almae matris, [[curriculum vitae|curriculum vitae]] curriculi vitae, [[first lady|first lady]] first lady, nominative plural first ladies. This declension is always stylistically marked.

Masculinization and feminization of neuter nouns

[edit]

Neuter nouns are either masculinized or feminized across a large part of the Slovene-speaking territory. Masculinization occurs in Upper Carniolan, Lower Sava Valley, Central Savinja, Horjul, Škofja Loka, Poljane, Selca, Črni Vrh, Ebriach, North Pohorje-Remšnik, and Mežica dialects, Kranjska Gora subdialect, and in parts of Rosen Valley, Juan Valley, Lower Carniolan, Central Styrian, and South Pohorje dialects. It is most commonly present in singular, and less in dual and plural. Masculinization varies from nouns binding with masculine forms of adjectives to completely change the declension, such as in Lower Sava Valley dialect. In that case nouns following the first neuter declension change to following first masculine, those following second neuter to following second masculine declension those following the third neuter to third masculine and those following fourth neuter to fourth masculine. Masculinized nouns following first declension have in genitive dual/plural a null ending, which is also present in some other masculine nouns. Mixed and mobile accentual type generally turns into fixed. Those following fourth declension have a null ending in nominative singular. The t-, s-, and n-stem nouns usually have the long stem in all cases.

Feminization of neuter nouns occurs in eastern Carinthian, northern Styrian, and many Panonian dialects. Feminization is the most common in plural, but is also very common in singular in dual. Similarly to masculinization, nouns following the first neuter declension change to following the first feminine, those following the second neuter to second feminine, those following the third neuter to third feminine and those following fourth neuter to fourth feminine. Mobile and mixed accentual type generally turn into fixed. The t-, s-, and n-stem nouns usually have the short stems in all cases, which is furthermore shortened, without the last o/e. The accent also changes accordingly to one syllable before, if the final o/e was accented.

Adjectives, adjectival pronouns, numerals

[edit]

Adjective declension is simpler than noun declension, as there are only two different inflection patterns. The first declension is the same as fourth noun declension for each case, while the second adjective declension is the same as third noun declensions (have a null ending in all cases). Adjectives can have all four accentual types. Adjectives can be compared in two ways, having three degrees of comparison in the first comparison (positive, comparative, superlative) and the second having two (positive and elative) and can be declined either by affixes or by adding other an adverb before it.

Declension of adjectival pronouns and irregular numerals is detailed in the pronouns and irregular numerals section.

Definite and indefinite adjectives

[edit]

Adjectives in Slovene distinguish between indefinite and definite meanings. They correspond in meaning to the distinction between the English indefinite article a, referring to an unknown thing, and the definite article the, referring to a known thing. The definite form is also used in fixed noun phrases, where the combination of adjective and noun are to be understood as a single concept. Apart from that, they are also used under the following conditions:

  • After possessive adjectives: posameznikov denarni prispevek 'individual's financial contribution'.
  • After demonstrative pronouns, and the pronouns və̏s (except when meaning 'completely') (after , all forms become circumflex, except open-mid e and o allow both accents, and nȍv and mlȃd are irregular and are acute): njegov / ta denarni prispevek 'his / this financial contribution'.
  • When the adjective denotes a special type of the noun: poprȃvni izpȋt 'retake exam', mȃterni jézik 'mother tongue'.
  • When nominalized: Dežurni je tu. 'The doctor on-call (lit. on duty) is here.'; some proper nouns are exceptions.

The corresponding interrogative word for indefinite adjectives is kākšen and for definite adjectives katẹ̄ri for definite adjectives. Thus, definite forms behave like relational adjectives, which already mostly have an -i ending.

Definite adjectives have an ending -i in nominative and vocative singular. All other forms are usually the same for regular adjectives, acting as both indefinite and definite adjective, but adjectives that do not have fixed accent and some irregular adjectives change the stem or the accent, so all forms are differentiated.

For some adjectives, however, there are more differences between the indefinite and definite declensions:

  • If the indefinite declension has acute accent, but circumflex accent in the feminine singular, the definite declension has acute accent throughout: prídni, síti, bogáti, blázni, feminine nominative singular prídna, síta, bogáta, blázna.
  • If the indefinite declension is mixed, mobile or end-accented, the definite declension has fixed accent: bẹ́li, góli, tèmni. The only exception is when the stem does not have a vowel. Then it has ending accent.
  • Some acute-stem adjectives (e.g. stȁr) switch to circumflex accentuation in the definite declension: stȃri.
  • The adjective vélik (with stem velík-) can additionally have circumflex accent on the stem and a close-mid vowel in the definite declension: vẹ̑liki.
  • The adjective mȃjhen changes the stem to mȃli.

In addition, not all adjectives have definite and indefinite form. Adjectives ending in -ov/-ev (bratov, borovničev) or -in (sestrin), adjectival pronouns, and adjectives and numerals ending in -i (slovenski, kmečki, neki, kateri) are (except some pronouns) definite by meaning, but only those ending in -i decline as definite adjectives, others decline as indefinite forms.

First adjective declension (adjective declension with endings)

[edit]

Most of the adjectives follow the first declension, which changes the endings when declined. These adjectives, when nominalized, follow fourth declensions. The endings can be split into three groups of cases:

  • The nominative and accusative, which are like the o-stems of masculine and neuter nouns, and the a-stems of feminine nouns. Like in nouns, a distinction is made between hard and soft stems, but this is only relevant for the neuter nominative/accusative singular, which has -o for hard stems and -e for soft stems.
  • The other feminine singular cases, which also follow the a-stems of nouns.
  • The remaining cases, which have endings unique to adjectives. These are the same for all three genders in the dual and plural.

The accusative singular is different if the adjective stays directly before the noun or not. In the latter case, masculine form allows only genitive ending, feminine only accusative and neuter allows both endings.

The masculine accusative singular before the adjective is like either the nominative or the genitive, as in masculine nouns. Which form is used depends on which form the accompanying noun uses, which in turn depends on whether the noun is animate or inanimate.

First adjective declension endings
Hard
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative indef. - -a -o -a -i -i -e -a
def. -i
Genitive -ega -e -ega -ih -ih
Dative -emu -i -emu -ima -im
Accusative + noun nom or gen -o -o -a -i -e -e -a
− noun -ega -o / -ega
Locative -em -i -em -ih -ih
Instrumental -im -o -im -ima -imi
Vocative indef. - -a -o -a -i -i -e -a
def. -i
Soft
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative indef. - -a -e -a -i -i -e -a
def. -i
Genitive -ega -e -ega -ih -ih
Dative -emu -i -emu -ima -im
Accusative + noun nom or gen -o -e -a -i -e -e -a
− noun -ega -e / -ega
Locative -em -i -em -ih -ih
Instrumental -im -o -im -ima -imi
Vocative indef. - -a -e -a -i -i -e -a
def. -i

Alternations and other exceptions of the first adjective declension

[edit]
  • Adjectives with mixed accent also have a form with an ending -e in nominative and accusative dual in feminine and neuter gender in addition to the usual -i: bẹ́l 'white', nominative dual: belẹ̑/belȋ/bẹ́li.
  • A fill vowel in nominate singular when there is a null ending in some adjectives.

Fixed accent adjectives

[edit]

Adjectives do not nearly change the accent as much when declined as nouns, however there are six different ways that can happen:

  • If the adjective is long circumflex (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine and feminine form, then it is circumflex in all other forms.
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative indef. vesẹ̑ł vesẹ̑la vesẹ̑lo vesẹ̑la vesẹ̑li vesẹ̑li vesẹ̑le vesẹ̑la
def. vesẹ̑li
Genitive vesẹ̑lega vesẹ̑le vesẹ̑lega vesẹ̑lih vesẹ̑lih
Dative vesẹ̑lemu vesẹ̑li vesẹ̑lemu vesẹ̑lima vesẹ̑lim
Accusative + noun nom or gen vesẹ̑lo vesẹ̑lo vesẹ̑la vesẹ̑li vesẹ̑le vesẹ̑le vesẹ̑la
− noun vesẹ̑lega vesẹ̑lo /

vesẹ̑lega

Locative vesẹ̑lem vesẹ̑li vesẹ̑lem vesẹ̑lih vesẹ̑lih
Instrumental vesẹ̑lim vesẹ̑lo vesẹ̑lim vesẹ̑lima vesẹ̑limi
Vocative indef. vesẹ̑ł vesẹ̑la vesẹ̑lo vesẹ̑la vesẹ̑li vesẹ̑li vesẹ̑le vesẹ̑la
def. vesẹ̑li
  • If the adjective is long acute (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine and feminine form, then it is acute in all other forms, except in vocative, where it is circumflex.
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative indef. lísast lísasta lísasto lísasta lísasti lísasti lísaste lísasta
def. lísasti
Genitive lísastega lísaste lísastega lísastih lísastih
Dative lísastemu lísasti lísastemu lísastima lísastim
Accusative + noun nom or gen lísasto lísasto lísasta lísasti lísaste lísaste lísasta
− noun lísastega lísasto /

lísastega

Locative lísastem lísasti lísastem lísastih lísastih
Instrumental lísastim lísasto lísastim lísastima lísastimi
Vocative indef. lȋsast lȋsasta lȋsasto lȋsasta lȋsasti lȋsasti lȋsaste lȋsasta
def. lȋsasti
  • If the adjective is long circumflex (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine form, but acute in feminine form, then it is acute in all other forms, except in vocative case, where it is circumflex.
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative indef. ljubeznȋv ljubezníva ljubeznívo ljubezníva ljubeznívi ljubeznívi ljubezníve ljubezníva
def. ljubeznívi
Genitive ljubeznívega ljubezníve ljubeznívega ljubeznívih ljubeznívih
Dative ljubeznívemu ljubeznívi ljubeznívemu ljubeznívima ljubeznívim
Accusative + noun nom or gen ljubeznívo ljubeznívo ljubezníva ljubeznívi ljubezníve ljubezníve ljubezníva
− noun ljubeznívega ljubeznívo /

ljubeznívega

Locative ljubeznívem ljubeznívi ljubeznívem ljubeznívih ljubeznívih
Instrumental ljubeznívim ljubeznívo ljubeznívim ljubeznívima ljubeznívimi
Vocative indef. ljubeznȋv ljubeznȋva ljubeznȋvo ljubeznȋva ljubeznȋvi ljubeznȋvi ljubeznȋve ljubeznȋva
def. ljubeznȋvi
  • If the adjective is long acute (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine form, but circumflex in feminine form, then it is acute in all masculine and neuter forms, but allows both accents in other feminine singular forms. The same applies if nominative singular feminine form allows both accents.
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative indef. prídən prȋdna prídno prídna prídni prídni prídne prídna
def. prídni
Genitive prídnega prīdne prídnega prídnih prídnih
Dative prídnemu prīdni prídnemu prídnima prídnim
Accusative + noun nom or gen prīdno prídno prídna prídni prídne prídne prídna
− noun prídnega prídno /

prídnega

Locative prídnem prīdni prídnem prídnih prídnih
Instrumental prídnim prīdno prídnim prídnima prídnimi
Vocative indef. prȋdən prȋdna prȋdno prȋdna prȋdni prȋdni prȋdne prȋdna
def. prȋdni
  • If the adjective is short circumflex and ə is not stressed in nominative singular masculine form, and long circumflex in feminine form, then it is acute in all other masculine and neuter forms, but allows both accents in other feminine singular forms. The same applies if nominative singular feminine form allows both accents. The exception is surȍv, which is only circumflex in all forms.
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative indef. sȉt sȋta síto síta síti síti síte síta
def. síti
Genitive sítega sīte sítega sítih sítih
Dative sítemu sīti sítemu sítima sítim
Accusative + noun nom or gen sīto síto síta síti síte síte síta
− noun sítega síto /

sítega

Locative sítem sīti sítem sítih sítih
Instrumental sítim sīto sítim sítima sítimi
Vocative indef. sȉt sȋta sȋto sȋta sȋti sȋti sȋte sȋta
def. sȋti
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative indef. surȍv surȏva surȏvo surȏva surȏvi surȏvi surȏve surȏva
def. surȏvi
Genitive surȏvega surȏve surȏvega surȏvih surȏvih
Dative surȏvemu surȏvi surȏvemu surȏvima surȏvim
Accusative + noun nom or gen surȏvo surȏvo surȏva surȏvi surȏve surȏve surȏva
− noun surȏvega surȏvo /

surȏvega

Locative surȏvem surȏvi surȏvem surȏvih surȏvih
Instrumental surȏvim surȏvo surȏvim surȏvima surȏvimi
Vocative indef. surȍv surȏva surȏvo surȏva surȏvi surȏvi surȏve surȏva
def. surȏvi
  • If the adjective is short circumflex and ə is not stressed in nominative singular masculine form, but long acute in feminine form, then it is acute in all other forms.
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative indef. zelȅn zeléna zeléno zeléna zeléni zeléni zeléne zeléna
def. zeléni
Genitive zelénega zeléne zelénega zelénih zelénih
Dative zelénemu zeléni zelénemu zelénima zelénim
Accusative + noun nom or gen zeléno zeléno zeléna zeléni zeléne zeléne zeléna
− noun zelénega zeléno /

zelénega

Locative zelénem zeléni zelénem zelénih zelénih
Instrumental zelénim zeléno zelénim zelénima zelénimi
Vocative indef. zelȅn zelȇna zelȇno zelȇna zelȇni zelȇni zelȇne zelȇna
def. zelȇni

Mobile accent adjectives

[edit]

Adjectives with mobile accent are acute in nominative singular masculine form and can be either circumflex or acute in feminine form. Circumflex ones change the accent in other forms the same way as fixed-accented adjectives that are acute in masculine and circumflex in feminine, and acute ones are always acute. The only exception is definite form of vélik, vẹ̑liki and acts as a fixed accent adjective.

Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative indef. bógat bogȃta bogáto bogáta bogáti bogáti bogáte bogáta
def. bogáti
Genitive bogátega bogāte bogátega bogátih bogátih
Dative bogátemu bogāti bogátemu bogátima bogátim
Accusative + noun nom or gen bogāto bogáto bogáta bogáti bogáte bogáte bogáta
− noun bogátega bogáto /

bogátega

Locative bogátem bogāti bogátem bogátih bogátih
Instrumental bogátim bogāto bogátim bogátima bogátimi
Vocative indef. bȏgat bogȃta bogȃto bogȃta bogȃti bogȃti bogȃte bogȃta
def. bogȃti
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative indef. débeł debẹ́la debẹ́lo debẹ́la debẹ́li debẹ́li debẹ́le debẹ́la
def. debẹ́li
Genitive debẹ́lega debẹ́le debẹ́lega debẹ́lih debẹ́lih
Dative debẹ́lemu debẹ́li debẹ́lemu debẹ́lima debẹ́lim
Accusative + noun nom or gen debẹ́lo debẹ́lo debẹ́la debẹ́li debẹ́le debẹ́le debẹ́la
− noun debẹ́lega debẹ́lo /

debẹ́lega

Locative debẹ́lem debẹ́li debẹ́lem debẹ́lih debẹ́lih
Instrumental debẹ́lim debẹ́lo debẹ́lim debẹ́lima debẹ́limi
Vocative indef. dȇbeł debẹ̑la debẹ̑lo debẹ̑la debẹ̑li debẹ̑li debẹ̑le debẹ̑la
def. debẹ̑li
Indefinite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative vélik velīka velíko velíka velíki velíki velíke velíka
Genitive velíkega velīke velíkega velíkih velíkih
Dative velíkemu velīki velíkemu velíkima velíkim
Accusative + noun nom or gen velīko velíko velíka velíki velíke velíke velíka
− noun velíkega velíko /

velíkega

Locative velíkem velīki velíkem velíkih velíkih
Instrumental velíkim velīko velíkim velíkima velíkimi
Vocative vȇlik velȋka velȋko velȋka velȋki velȋki velȋke velȋka
Definite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative vẹ̑liki vẹ̑lika vẹ̑liko vẹ̑lika vẹ̑liki vẹ̑liki vẹ̑like vẹ̑lika
Genitive vẹ̑likega vẹ̑like vẹ̑likega vẹ̑likih vẹ̑likih
Dative vẹ̑likemu vẹ̑liki vẹ̑likemu vẹ̑likima vẹ̑likim
Accusative + noun nom or gen vẹ̑liko vẹ̑liko vẹ̑lika vẹ̑liki vẹ̑like vẹ̑like vẹ̑lika
− noun vẹ̑likega vẹ̑liko /

vẹ̑likega

Locative vẹ̑likem vẹ̑liki vẹ̑likem vẹ̑likih vẹ̑likih
Instrumental vẹ̑likim vẹ̑liko vẹ̑likim vẹ̑likima vẹ̑likimi
Vocative vẹ̑lik vẹ̑lika vẹ̑liko vẹ̑lika vẹ̑liki vẹ̑liki vẹ̑like vẹ̑lika

Ending accent adjectives

[edit]

Ending accents are usually stylistically marked and are circumflex when the ending is stressed, but the stem is acute (except fill vowels). The definite form is accented on the stem and o, e are close-mid, except if it does not have a vowel. Definite forms have fixed accent. If the stem does not have a vowel, then the first syllable is accentuated and acute if long. Some speakers can also accentuate indefinite forms the same as definite.

Indefinite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative brhə̏k brhkȁ brhkȍ brhkȁ brhkȉ brhkȉ brhkȅ brhkȁ
Genitive brhkegȁ brhkȅ brhkegȁ brhkȉh brhkȉh
Dative brhkemȕ brhkȉ brhkemȕ brhkimȁ brhkȉm
Accusative + noun nom or gen brhkȍ brhkȍ brhkȁ brhkȉ brhkȅ brhkȅ brhkȁ
− noun brhkegȁ brhkȍ /

brhkegȁ

Locative brhkȅm brhkȉ brhkȅm brhkȉh brhkȉh
Instrumental brhkȉm brhkȍ brhkȉm brhkimȁ brhkimȉ
Vocative brhə̏k brhkȁ brhkȍ brhkȁ brhkȉ brhkȉ brhkȅ brhkȁ
Definite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative bŕhki bŕhka bŕhko bŕhka bŕhki bŕhki bŕhke bŕhka
Genitive bŕhkega bŕhke bŕhkega bŕhkih bŕhkih
Dative bŕhkemu bŕhki bŕhkemu bŕhkima bŕhkim
Accusative + noun nom or gen bŕhko bŕhko bŕhka bŕhki bŕhke bŕhke bŕhka
− noun bŕhkega bŕhko /

bŕhkega

Locative bŕhkem bŕhki bŕhkem bŕhkih bŕhkih
Instrumental bŕhkim bŕhko bŕhkim bŕhkima bŕhkimi
Vocative bȓhki bȓhka bȓhko bȓhka bȓhki bȓhki bȓhke bȓhka
Indefinite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative zə̏ł zlȁ zlȍ zlȁ zlȉ zlȉ zlȅ zlȁ
Genitive zlegȁ zlȅ zlegȁ zlȉh zlȉh
Dative zlemȕ zlȉ zlemȕ zlimȁ zlȉm
Accusative + noun nom or gen zlȍ zlȍ zlȁ zlȉ zlȅ zlȅ zlȁ
− noun zlegȁ zlȍ /

zlegȁ

Locative zlȅm zlȉ zlȅm zlȉh zlȉh
Instrumental zlȉm zlȍ zlȉm zlimȁ zlimȉ
Vocative zə̏ł zlȁ zlȍ zlȁ zlȉ zlȉ zlȅ zlȁ
Definite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative zlȉ zlȁ zlȍ zlȁ zlȉ zlȉ zlȅ zlȁ
Genitive zléga zlȅ zléga zlȉh zlȉh
Dative zlému zlȉ zlému zlíma zlȉm
Accusative + noun nom or gen zlȍ zlȍ zlȁ zlȉ zlȅ zlȅ zlȁ
− noun zléga zlȍ /

zléga

Locative zlȅm zlȉ zlȅm zlȉh zlȉh
Instrumental zlȉm zlȍ zlȉm zlíma zlími
Vocative zlȉ zlȁ zlȍ zlȁ zlȉ zlȉ zlȅ zlȁ

Mixed accent adjectives

[edit]

There are two different ways mixed accent adjectives are declined, with short or long stress on endings, most of them following the first way.

The first way can have, along with the fixed accentuation, the ending accented only in nominative and vocative singular neuter form, accusative singular feminine and neuter form, and nominative and vocative dual and plural in all forms. However, some of these accents are stylistically marked:

  • If both fixed and ending accents are used about the same in nominative/vocative singular neuter form, then fixed accent is favored in other forms.
  • If fixed accent is favored, but ending is not stylistically marked in nominative/vocative singular neuter form, then ending accent is stylistically marked in other forms.
  • If ending accent is stylistically marked in nominative/vocative singular neuter form, then it can only have accent on the stem in other forms, forms with accent on the ending are obsolete.

Moreover, in nominative and accusative dual in feminine and neuter form these adjectives can also have a stylistically marked ending -ẹ̑ in addition to the usual -i. They follow one of the fixed accent tone changes if the accent is on the stem. If the feminine nominative singular form is acute, then other accents are acute. If it is circumflex, then it is circumflex in all forms. The endings are always circumflex. Defnite forms have fixed accent that is the same as "other" forms. The exceptions are mlȃd when meaning 'offspring' or 'young people/animals', sȃm, dȏlg, and stȁr when it is nominalized or in collocations. These forms are always circumflex.

Indefinite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative bŕhək bŕhka bŕhko /

brhkọ̑

bŕhka /

brhkȃ

bŕhki / brhkȋ /

brhkẹ̑ (styl.)

bŕhki /

brhkȋ

bŕhke /

brhkẹ̑

bŕhka /

brhkȃ

Genitive bŕhkega bŕhke bŕhkega bŕhkih bŕhkih
Dative bŕhkemu bŕhki bŕhkemu bŕhkima bŕhkim
Accusative + noun nom or gen bŕhko /

brhkọ̑

bŕhko /

brhkọ̑

bŕhka /

brhkȃ

bŕhki / brhkȋ /

brhkẹ̑ (styl.)

bŕhke /

brhkẹ̑

bŕhke /

brhkẹ̑

bŕhka /

brhkȃ

− noun bŕhkega bŕhko /

brhkọ̑ /

bŕhkega

Locative bŕhkem bŕhki bŕhkem bŕhkih bŕhkih
Instrumental bŕhkim bŕhko bŕhkim bŕhkima bŕhkimi
Vocative bȓhək bȓhka bȓhko /

brhkọ̑

bȓhka /

brhkȃ

bȓhki / brhkȋ /

brhkẹ̑ (styl.)

bȓhki /

brhkȋ

bȓhke /

brhkȇ

bȓhka /

brhkȃ

Definite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative bŕhki bŕhka bŕhko bŕhka bŕhki bŕhki bŕhke bŕhka
Genitive bŕhkega bŕhke bŕhkega bŕhkih bŕhkih
Dative bŕhkemu bŕhki bŕhkemu bŕhkima bŕhkim
Accusative + noun nom or gen bŕhko bŕhko bŕhka bŕhki bŕhke bŕhke bŕhka
− noun bŕhkega bŕhko /

bŕhkega

Locative bŕhkem bŕhki bŕhkem bŕhkih bŕhkih
Instrumental bŕhkim bŕhko bŕhkim bŕhkima bŕhkimi
Vocative bȓhki bȓhka bȓhko bȓhka bȓhki bȓhki bȓhke bȓhka
styl. – stylistically marked

The second way with short accents is that the accent is on the stem only in nominative singular, and on the ending in all other forms. All adjectives following this pattern can also have fixed accent, and can only have fixed accent in definite forms. The ending is always short circumflex and definite form is acute.

Indefinite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative tə̏šč teščȁ teščȅ teščȁ teščȉ teščȉ teščȅ teščȁ
Genitive teščegȁ teščȅ teščegȁ teščȉh teščȉh
Dative teščemȕ teščȉ teščemȕ teščimȁ teščȉm
Accusative + noun nom or gen teščȍ teščȅ teščȁ teščȉ teščȅ teščȅ teščȁ
− noun teščegȁ teščȅ /

teščegȁ

Locative teščȅm teščȉ teščȅm teščȉh teščȉh
Instrumental teščȉm teščȍ teščȉm teščȁ teščimȉ
Vocative tə̏šč teščȁ teščȅ teščȁ teščȉ teščȉ teščȅ teščȁ
Definite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative tèšči tèšča tèšče tèšča tèšči tèšči tèšče tèšča
Genitive tèščega tèšče tèščega tèščih tèščih
Dative tèščemu tèšči tèščemu tèščima tèščim
Accusative + noun nom or gen tèščo tèšče tèšča tèšči tèšče tèšče tèšča
− noun tèščega tèšče /

tèščega

Locative tèščem tèšči tèščem tèščih tèščih
Instrumental tèščim tèščo tèščim tèščima tèščimi
Vocative tȅšči tȅšča tȅšče tȅšča tȅšči tȅšči tȅšče tȅšča

Mobile & mixed accent adjectives

[edit]

These adjectives decline as mobile accent adjectives, but also have the ending-accentuated forms of the adjectivves following the first way of mixed accentual type.

Indefinite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative bolȃn bólna bólno /

bolnọ̑

bólna /

bolnȃ (styl.)

bólni / bolnȋ (styl.) /

bolnẹ̑ (styl.)

bólni /

bolnȋ (styl.)

bólne /

bolnẹ̑ (styl.)

bólna /

bolnȃ (styl.)

Genitive bólnega bólne bólnega bólnih bólnih
Dative bólnemu bólni bólnemu bólnima bólnim
Accusative + noun nom or gen bólno /

bolnọ̑ (styl.)

bólno /

bolnọ̑

bólna /

bolnȃ

bólni / bolnȋ (styl.) /

bolnẹ̑ (styl.)

bólne /

bolnẹ̑ (styl.)

bólne /

bolnẹ̑ (styl.)

bólna /

bolnȃ (styl.)

− noun bólnega bólno /

bolnọ̑ /

bólnega

Locative bólnem bólni bólnem bólnih bólnih
Instrumental bólnim bólno bólnim bólnima bólnimi
Vocative bolȃn bȏlna bȏlno /

bolnọ̑

bȏlna /

bolnȃ (styl.)

bȏlni / bolnȋ (styl.) /

bolnẹ̑ (styl.)

bȏlni /

bolnȋ (styl.)

bȏlne /

bolnȇ (styl.)

bȏlna /

bolnȃ (styl.)

Definite
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative bólni bólna bólno bólna bólni bólni bólne bólna
Genitive bólnega bólne bólnega bólnih bólnih
Dative bólnemu bólni bólnemu bólnima bólnim
Accusative + noun nom or gen bólno bólno bólna bólni bólne bólne bólna
− noun bólnega bólno /

bólnega

Locative bólnem bólni bólnem bólnih bólnih
Instrumental bólnim bólno bólnim bólnima bólnimi
Vocative bólni bólna bólno bólna bólni bólni bólne bólna
styl. – stylistically marked

Second adjective declension (adjective declension without endings)

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Some adjectives, especially the ones derived recently from loanwords (bẹ̑ž 'beige', instȃnt 'instant', rọ̑za 'pink' – derived from Italian rosa or German rosa) decline without changing the endings. When nominalized, they usually decline following third declensions. These adjectives also don't differentiate between definite and indefinite forms and the ending does not change when not followed by noun.

Second adjective declension endings
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative - - -
Genitive - - -
Dative - - -
Accusative - - -
Locative - - -
Instrumental - - -
Vocative - - -

Accent

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The accent is always fixed and does not change, except in vocative, where acute changes into circumflex.

Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni
Genitive pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni
Dative pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni
Accusative pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni
Locative pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni
Instrumental pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni pocẹ́ni
Vocative pocẹ̑ni pocẹ̑ni pocẹ̑ni

Words that can follow both declensions

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Cardinal numerals from five onward can be declined both ways. Smaller numbers (up to 100) are usually declined using first declension (pẹ̑t pétih/pẹ̑t 'five'), and bigger (1000 and onwards) using second declension (milijọ̑n milijọ̑n/milijọ̑nih 'million'). Declining big numbers using first declension is really uncommon. Noun nȉč 'zero' can also be declined both ways. If the numeral is composed of more words, only the last one follows first declension (stọ̑ pẹ̑t, stọ̑ pétih 'one hundred five'). When all numerals are written with a number, they always follow second declension.

Indefinite numerals ending in -o and collective numerals ending in -o or -e can also decline both ways: kọ̄liko, kọ̄likih/kọ̄liko; petẹ̑ro, petẹ̑rih/petẹ̑ro.

Formation of adverbs

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Adverbs formed from adjectives have an ending in -o for hard stems and -e for soft stems. If not otherwise noted, adverbs keep the same tone as the adjective in nominative singular neuter form (the second form in the given examples below). Adverbs formed from fixed and mobile accent adjectives keep accent on the stem, those derived from ending accent nouns or from those following the second form of mixed accents (with short accents on ending) have the accent on the ending, which is long circumflex for hard stems and short circumflex for soft stems. Adverbs formed from mobile and mixed or only mixed nouns following the first pattern (with long accents on endings) can have the accent either on the stem or the ending. If the ending accent was stylistically marked in neuter nominative singular form, it is not marked, just less common.

Adjectives ending in -ski, -ški, or -čki also have a stylistically marked form ending in -i.

  • lísastlísastolísasto
  • zelȅnzelénozeléno
  • brhȅkbrhkȍbrhkȏ
  • tə̏ščteščȅteščȅ
  • bolȃnbólno / bolnọ̑bólno / bolnọ̑
  • prȍstprósto / prostọ̑ (stylistically marked) → prósto / prostọ̑
  • kmẹ̑čkikmẹ̑čkokmẹ̑čko / kmẹ̑čki (stylistically marked)

Comparison

[edit]

For all adjectives, comparative, superlative and elative are formed periphrastically, using the adverbs bȍlj 'more', nȁjbolj/nȃjbolj 'most', and prevȅč 'too (much)' or many other adverbs similar in meaning, respectively. For some adjectives, especially more basic or old ones, the comparative and superlative can also be formed with affixes. These can still be compared periphrastically, but the form with affixes is usually favored.

There are three affixes used to form the comparative: -ši, -ji and -ejši. Which one is used depends in a large part on the shape of the adjective's stem, although these are not hard rules and there are some exceptions. The superlative is formed from the comparative by prefixing nȁj- / nȃj- to it. Elative is formed from positive prefixng prȅ- to it. Elative can be formed periphrastically by all adjectives. If adjective can be compared periphrastically, this form is favored.

Adjectives ending in -ȁt (bradȁt), -ast (kọ́drast), -ȁv/-ȃv/-av (klepetȁv), -ən (láčen), participles and colors are usually compared periphrastically, but there are exceptions as some can also be compared with affixes, which are not favored. (bẹ́lbȍlj bẹ́l/belȇjši).

Compared adjectives declines as either always acute or always circumflex fixed accent adjectives. Some adjectives lack positive and elative form; these are then sorted in dictionaries by the comparative.

The suffix -ši is used with one-syllable adjectives ending in b, d or p, preceded by a vowel or /ər/. After a vowel, d becomes j, and after r it disappears altogether. The suffix is also used with adjectives ending in -ok or -ek, which is dropped in the comparative, and along with the previous changes, t also changes to j and other consonants are iotated.

  • lẹ̑p (stem lẹ́p-) → lẹ̑pši
  • slȁb (stem sláb-) → slȃbši
  • mlȃd (stem mlád-) → mlȃjši
  • hȗd (stem húd-) → hȗjši
  • gȓd (stem gŕd-) → gȓši
  • širȍkšȋrši
  • krátekkrȃjši
  • tánektȃnjši

The suffix -ji is used with one-syllable adjectives ending in g, h or k. In the comparative, these change to their palatalised variants ž, š and č respectively. The suffix is also used with adjectives ending in -ok or -ek preceded by one of these consonants. Again, the suffix is dropped and the final consonant is iotated. The stem is always circumflex, the only exception is the last example.

  • drȃg (stem drág-) → drȃžji
  • tȋh (stem tíh-) → tíšji
  • blȃg (stem blág- or blȃg-) → blȃžji
  • strọ̑g (stem strọ́g- or strọ̑g-) → strọ̑žji
  • téžektẹ̑žji
  • globȍkglọ̑blji
  • stȁrstárji (stylistically marked)

The suffix -ejši is used in all other cases, including one-syllable adjectives ending in more than one consonant or adjectives with more than one syllable. Some adjectives keep the accent on the stem, and is then the same as the stem accent in nominative singular neuter form, or the suffix may be circumflex accented -ȇjši with an open-mid vowel. The latter case is more typical for ending and mixed accent adjectives while the first form is more typical for fixed and mobile accent adjectives.

  • nȍv (stem nóv-) → novȇjši
  • krȗt (stem krút- or krȗt-) → krútejši / krȗtejši
  • fȋnfinȇjši
  • gọ̑st (stem gọ́st-) → gostȇjši
  • pȏln (stem póln-) → pólnejši
  • grénekgrenkȇjši
  • nevárennevárnejši

Comparison of adverbs

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Adverbs compare the same way as adjectives do, but the š in the ending can be omitted, except in -ši (not preceded by j), and final i in the ending turns into e. Those declined with suffix -je, which have č, š, or ž before the ending can also have ending -e. Only the ending -ȇj(š)e allows accent on the ending, in other forms only fixed accent remains. The accent also changes the same way as with adjectives, the three exceptions are the last two examples, where comparative allows both accents.

  • lẹ́po / lepọ̑lẹ̑pše
  • krátko / kratkọ̑krȃjše / krȃje
  • drágo / dragọ̑drȃžje
  • nízkonȋžje / nȋže
  • ljubeznívoljubeznívejše / ljubezníveje
  • temnọ̑temnȇjše / temnȇje
  • kọ́drastbȍlj kọ́drast
  • láhko / lahkọ̑lāžje / lāže / lāglje (stylistically marked)
  • kásno / kasnọ̑kasnȇje / kāšnje (stylistically marked)

Accent of nominalized adjectives

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Nominalized adjectives and adverbs that form a collocation with a preposition (such as od mlȃdega) 'since chiildhood'(lit. since young) are always circumflex if disyllabic and have accent on the first syllable in definite masculine nominative singular form. When nominalized nouns are a proper noun, then they are also circumflex. Otherwise, they keep accent the same.

Pronouns

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Pronouns declined and therefore detailed here can be either nominal or adjectival and follow one of the respective declensions, although many of them are heavily irregular; these are detailed here.

Nominal Pronouns

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Nominal pronouns, apart from personal pronouns are of two types; first are used to refer to people and are masculine gender, and other are used for everything else and are neuter gender. Exception are nominal pronouns which are the same gender as the noun they represent.

Personal pronouns

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Personal pronouns have in some cases up to four forms. The accusative, genitive and dative forms have stressed and unstressed forms; the stressed forms are used when particular emphasis is needed. The accusative also has a form used when preceded by a monosyllabic preposition, skọ̑zi 'through' (which is changed to skọ̑z-), or v 'in' (which is changed into vȃ-) that is combined with the preposition, such as na 'on' + me 'me', which are combined into nȃme 'on me' and v 'in, into' + [ti] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help) 'you', which are combined into vȃte 'into you'. Stressed combining form also exist, however they are considered archaic and do not actually combine with the preposition (for example, na mẹ́ 'on me'). Instead of combining forms, usual stressed forms can also be used.

Different forms are in the table below written as unstressed / streesed / combining / stressed combining. Note that not all pronouns have all expected forms in each case and number.

The first and second person singular pronouns are very irregular, and follow their own declension (second neuter declension). The nominative forms of the dual and plural have different forms for the genders, depending on who is speaking or who is being spoken to. In the case of the dual, the nominative developed from literally "we two" and "you two", although the other cases were inherited from Common Slavic. The combining forms exist only in singular.

The reflexive pronouns are used to refer back to the subject or to some other word, and have only a single set of forms for all three numbers, which inflect like the first- and second-person singular pronouns. There is no nominative form.

1st person 2nd person Reflexive
Singular
m f n m f n m f n
Nominative jȁz
Genitive méne / me tébe / te sébe / se
Dative méni / mi tébi / ti sébi / si
Accusative méne / me / -me / mẹ̑ tébe / te / -te / tẹ̑ sébe / se / -se / sẹ̑
Locative méni tébi sébi
Instrumental menọ́j, mȃno tebọ́j, tȃbo sebọ́j, sȃbo
Vocative jȁz
Possessive mọ́j mọ́ja mọ́je tvọ́j tvọ́ja tvọ́je svọ́j svọ́ja svọ́je
Dual
Nominative mȋdva mȇdve / mȋdve vȋdva vȇdve / vȋdve
Genitive nȃju / naju vȃju / vaju sébe / se
Dative nȃma / nama vȃma / vama sébi / si
Accusative nȃju / naju vȃju / vaju sébe / se / -se
Locative nȃju vȃju sébi
Instrumental nȃma vȃma sebọ́j, sȃbo
Vocative mȋdva mȇdve / mȋdve vȋdva vȇdve / vȋdve
Possessive nȃjin nȃjina nȃjino vȃjin vȃjina vȃjino svọ́j svọ́ja svọ́je
Plural
Nominative mẹ̑ vẹ̑
Genitive nȁs / nas vȁs / vas sébe / se
Dative nȁm / nam vȁm / vam sébi / si
Accusative nȁs / nas vȁs / vas sébe / se / -se
Locative nȁs vȁs sébi
Instrumental nȃmi vȃmi sebọ́j, sȃbo
Vocative mẹ̑ vẹ̑
Possessive nȁš nȁša nȁše vȁš vȁša vȁše svọ́j svọ́ja svọ́je

The third-person pronouns inflect similar to the fourth declensions, but irregularly. Like in the first- and second-person pronouns, the accusative is the same as the genitive, and the ending -ih in the dual forms is replaced with -iju. The nominative is formed from a different stem than the other cases. The combining forms in masculine and neuter singular have two different versions, the latter being used when combining with a preposition that does not end with a vowel, which are skozi "through" (skozenj), pred "in from of, before" (predenj), and čez "over, in a certain amount of time" (čezenj).

Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative ȍn óna óno (arch. onọ̑) ónadva / onȃdva ónidve / onẹ̑dve óni / onȋ óne / onẹ̑ óna / onȃ
Genitive njéga / ga njẹ́ / je njéga / ga njȋju, njȉh (arch. njȗ) / ju, jih njȉh / jih
Dative njému / mu njēj, njȅj, njȉ / ji njému / mu njȋma / jima njȉm / jim
Accusative njéga / ga / -nj, -enj [ən’] njọ̄ / jo /njo njéga / ga / -nj, -enj [ən’] njȋju, njȉh, (arch. njú) / ju / -nju njȉh, njé / jih / -nje / njẹ́, njȉh
Locative njém (coll. njému) njēj, njȅj, njȉ njém (coll. njému) njȋju njȉh
Instrumental njím njọ́ njím njȋma njȋmi
Vocative ȍn ȏna / onȃ ȏno (arch. onọ̑) ȏnadva / onȃdva ȏnidve / onẹ̑dve ȏni / onȋ ȏne / onẹ̑ ȏna / onȃ
Possessive njegóv, njegȍv njẹ́n njegóv, njegȍv njún njīhov
Use of pronouns as a subject, stressed & undstressed forms
[edit]

The subject in Slovene is often omitted when it consists only of personal pronouns, so use of them as a subject is not so common. As a subject, personal pronouns are used only in the following cases, which are the same as when a stressed form is used instead of the unstressed one:

  • To emphasize the subject: Ti mene ne boš učil! 'You won't teach me!'
  • If the subject has a grammatical modifier: Tudi jaz ne vem, kaj bi. 'I also don't know what to do."; Jaz, kralj XY, naročam … 'I, the King of XY, am commanding …'
  • When implying a difference: Tam je bil on, ne ti. 'He was there, not you.'
  • In some coordinate relations: Janez in jaz greva na grad. 'Janez and I are going to see the castle.', but Bil je tam. 'He was there.' and Ne vem, kaj bi. 'I don't know what to do' allow the omission.
  • After prepositions (except when combining form is used), stressed versions are used: k tebi '(run, walk, come etc.) to you', za mano 'behind me', zoper nje 'against her', brez vas 'without you (plural)'.

Interrogative nominal pronouns

[edit]

The interrogative pronouns kdọ̄ 'who' and kāj 'what' have only singular forms, and have irregular stem changes. kaj also replaces the normal -g- in the genitive with -s-.

Nominative kdọ̄ kāj
Genitive kọ̄ga čẹ̄sa
Dative kọ̄mu čẹ̄mu
Accusative kọ̄ga kāj
Locative kọ̄m čẹ̄m
Instrumental kọ̄m čīm
Vocative kdọ̑ kȃj

Relative nominal pronouns

[edit]

The relative pronouns kdọ̑r/kdȍr 'who, that' and kȁr 'which, that' inflect like kdo and kaj, but add -r to the end of each form, adding a fill vowel if necessary. The ending -j is also dropped.

Nominative kdọ̑r / kdȍr kȁr kdọ̑rkọ̑li / kdȍrkọ̑li kȁrkọ̑li
Genitive kọ̑gar čẹ̑sar kọ̑garkọ̑li čẹ̑sarkọ̑li
Dative kọ̑mur čẹ̑mur kọ̑murkọ̑li čẹ̑murkọ̑li
Accusative kọ̑gar kȁr kọ̑garkọ̑li kȁrkọ̑li
Locative kọ̑mer čẹ̑mer kọ̑merkọ̑li čẹ̑merkọ̑li
Instrumental kọ̑mer čȋmer kọ̑merkọ̑li čȋmerkọ̑li
Vocative kdọ̑r / kdȍr kȁr kdọ̑rkọ̑li / kdȍrkọ̑li kȁrkọ̑li

Relative indefinite pronouns

[edit]

Relative indefinite pronouns kdọ̑rkọ̑li/kdȍrkọ̑li 'whoever' and kȁrkọ̑li 'whatever' are declined as kdor and kar, but with a suffix at the end, which can also be a separate word (kdor koli, kar koli).

Nominative kdọ̑rkọ̑li / kdȍrkọ̑li kȁrkọ̑li
Genitive kọ̑garkọ̑li čẹ̑sarkọ̑li
Dative kọ̑murkọ̑li čẹ̑murkọ̑li
Accusative kọ̑garkọ̑li kȁrkọ̑li
Locative kọ̑merkọ̑li čẹ̑merkọ̑li
Instrumental kọ̑merkọ̑li čȋmerkọ̑li
Vocative kdọ̑rkọ̑li / kdȍrkọ̑li kȁrkọ̑li

Indefinite nominal pronouns

[edit]

The pronouns nekdọ̄/nẹ̑kdo 'somebody' and nẹ̄kaj 'something' follow the declensions of kdo and kaj. Pronoun nekdo can also have a prefix pre-, which is declined the same: prenekdọ̄/prenẹ̑kdo 'quite a few people' prenekọ̄ga.

Nominative nekdọ̄ / nẹ̑kdo nẹ̄kaj
Genitive nekọ̄ga nečẹ̄sa
Dative nekọ̄mu nečẹ̄mu
Accusative nekọ̄ga nẹ̄kaj
Locative nekọ̄m nečẹ̄m
Instrumental nekọ̄m nečīm
Vocative nekdọ̑ nẹ̑kaj

Negative nominal pronouns

[edit]

The pronouns nihčȅ/nȋhče 'nobody' and nȉč 'nothing' follow the declensions of kdor and kar, but the nominative and accusative are different. The pronoun nȋkdo is an archaic version of nihčȅ. The other forms are the same as nihče.

Nominative nihčȅ / nȋhče nȉč nȋkdo
Genitive nikọ̑gar ničẹ̑sar nikọ̑gar
Dative nikọ̑mur ničẹ̑mur nikọ̑mur
Accusative nikọ̑gar nȉč nikọ̑gar
Locative nikọ̑mer ničẹ̑mer nikọ̑mer
Instrumental nikọ̑mer ničȋmer nikọ̑mer

Universal nominal pronouns

[edit]

Integral pronoun vsȃkdo 'everyone' follows the declension of kdo, but vse 'everything' is irregular.

Nominative vsȃkdo vsȅ
Genitive vsȃkogar vsȅga / vsegȁ
Dative vsȃkomur vsȅmu / vsemȕ
Accusative vsȃkogar vsȅ
Locative vsȃkomer vsȅm
Instrumental vsȃkomer vsȅm
Vocative vsȃkdo vsȅ

Manifold nominal pronouns

[edit]

Manifold pronouns are formed by adding a prefix to the interrogative pronouns and are thus declined the same way. The prefix can be mȁrsi- 'quite a few', mnọ̑go- 'many' málo- 'few' or rẹ́dko- 'scarcely'; the last one can combine only with kaj. Prefixes malo and redko can also be written as a separate word (malo kaj, redko kdo).

Unspecified nominal pronouns

[edit]

These are kdọ́ 'someone arbitrary' and kȁj 'something arbitrary', which are written and declined the same as interrogative pronouns, but interrogative kaj has a different accent. An example sentence is Vzemi si kaj za jesti. 'Grab something to eat.'. The difference between these pronouns and indefinite pronouns is that one is not obliged to do anything. In the example sentence, the subject is not obliged to grab anything, but in the sentence Vzemi si nekaj za jesti, which would be translated the same, the subject is obliged to grab something.

Nominative kdọ̄ kȁj
Genitive kọ̄ga čẹ̄sa
Dative kọ̄mu čẹ̄mu
Accusative kọ̄ga kȁj
Locative kọ̄m čẹ̄m
Instrumental kọ̄m čīm
Vocative kdọ̑ kȁj

Adjectival pronouns

[edit]

Most of the adjectival pronouns are regular and follow first adjective declension. Pronouns that follow second declension are čȋgar, čigȃvər, kọ̑likor, ki, nȉč, and precȇj. Pronoun nobȅn has, the same as ȅn, a different definite nominal singular form when nominalized – nobȅden.

Relative unspecified adjectival pronouns and demonstrative pronouns ending in -le

[edit]

These pronouns are built from another pronoun by adding an undeclinable suffix -koli, -sibodi, -le, or -lele (kȃkršenkọ̑li, kȃkršensibọ́di, tákle, tȃlele). In these cases, the pronoun it consists of is declined as usual and the suffix is added at the end. Thus endings turn into infixes. (genitive singular masculine kȃkršnegakọ̑li, kȃkršnegasibọ́di, tákegale, tẹ̑galele). Pronouns ending in -sibodi can also be written in three words and those ending in -koli in two: kakršen si bodi, kakršen koli.

ta, ves, and oba

[edit]

The demonstrative "this" inflects like an adjective, but -i- in the endings is replaced with -e-. Many of the forms have shortened alternatives, including cases of non-final short accents.

Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative tọ̑
Genitive tẹ̑ga / tegȁ tẹ̑ tẹ̑ga / tegȁ tẹ̑h / tȅh tẹ̑h / tȅh
Dative tẹ̑mu / temȕ tȇj / tȅj / tẹ̑mu / temȕ tẹ̑ma / tȅma tẹ̑m / tȅm
Accusative nom or gen tọ̑ tọ̑ tẹ̑ tẹ̑
Locative tẹ̑m / tȅm tȇj / tȅj / tẹ̑m / tȅm tẹ̑h / tȅh tẹ̑h / tȅh
Instrumental tẹ̑m / tȅm tọ̑ tẹ̑m / tȅm tẹ̑ma / tȅma tẹ̑mi
Vocative tọ̑

The word vȅs "all" and inflects much like , but it inflects as if it were a soft stem, having -e in the neuter nominative/accusative singular. All the accents are short, even those in a non-final syllable, where [ə] is pronounced.

Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative vȅs vsȁ vsȅ vsȁ vsȉ vsȉ vsȅ vsȁ
Genitive vsȅga / vsegȁ vsȅ vsȅga / vsegȁ vsȅh vsȅh
Dative vsȅmu / vsemȕ vsȅj / vsȉ vsȅmu / vsemȕ vsȅma vsȅm
Accusative nom or gen vsȍ vsȅ vsȁ vsȉ vsȅ vsȅ vsȁ
Locative vsȅm vsȅj / vsȉ vsȅm vsȅh vsȅh
Instrumental vsȅm vsȍ vsȅm vsȅma vsȅmi
Vocative vȅs vsȁ vsȅ vsȁ vsȉ vsȉ vsȅ vsȁ

Numerals

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Numeral ȅn 'one' and its derivatives have a definite form édən in nominative singular when nominalized, but others are the same. Numerals dvȃ 'two' and obȃ have -i- in endings replaced with -e- and numerals tríje 'three' and štírje 'four' have a different ending in nominative and accusative. Numeral tríje also changes the -i- in the ending to -e- in other cases. Other cardinal numerals have a null ending in all genders in nominative, vocative, and accusative (example pẹ̑t 'five'). Numeral stọ̑ (stem stót-) 'hundred' has a different form in nominative, vocative, and accusative, and open-mid vowel in numerals pẹ̑t (stem pét-) 'five', šẹ̑st (stem šést) 'six', sẹ̑dəm (stem sédm-) 'seven', ọ̑sem (stem ósm-) 'eight', devẹ̑t (stem devét-) 'nine', and desẹ̑t (stem desét-) 'ten' is changed to close-mid vowel in nominative. They also change the accent irregularly in nominative and accusative:

Dual
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative obȃ / obȃdva obẹ̑ / obẹ̑dve
Genitive obẹ̄h / obẹ̄h dvẹ̄h (styl.)
Dative obẹ̄ma / obẹ̄ma dvẹ̄ma (styl.)
Accusative obȃ / obȃdva obẹ̑ / obẹ̑dve
Locative obẹ̄h / obẹ̄h dvẹ̄h (styl.)
Instrumental obẹ̄ma / obẹ̄ma dvẹ̄ma (styl.)
Vocative obȃ / obȃdva obẹ̑ / obẹ̑dve
Dual
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative dvȃ dvẹ̑
Genitive dvẹ̄h
Dative dvẹ̄ma
Accusative dvȃ dvẹ̑
Locative dvẹ̄h
Instrumental dvẹ̄ma
Vocative dvȃ dvẹ̑
Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative tríje / trijẹ̑ trȋ
Genitive trẹ̑h
Dative trẹ̑m
Accusative trȋ trȋ
Locative trẹ̑h
Instrumental trẹ̑mi
Vocative trȋje / trijẹ̑ trȋ
Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative štírje štíri
Genitive štȋrih
Dative štȋrim
Accusative štiri štíri
Locative štȋrih
Instrumental štȋrimi
Vocative štȋrje štȋri
Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative pẹ̑t pẹ̑t
Genitive pétih
Dative pétim
Accusative pẹ̑t pẹ̑t
Locative pétih
Instrumental pétimi
Vocative pẹ̑t pẹ̑t
Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative stọ̑ stọ̑
Genitive stótih
Dative stótim
Accusative stọ̑ stọ̑
Locative stótih
Instrumental stótimi
Vocative stọ̑ stọ̑

Note that this changes occur only when numerals follow first adjective declension. When following second declension, numerals have a nominative form throughout. For more information regarding which declension they follow, see section words that can follow both declensions.

Dialectal and obsolete declension changes

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There are many dialectal changes, with the most common being:

  • Neuter o-stem alternatively have ending -u in nominative singular.
  • Feminine v-stem nouns can decline as a-stems.
  • Endings -iga, -imu, -im instead of -ega, -emu, -em.
  • Locative singular became the same as dative singular.
  • Archaic ending -e in o-stem locative singular is still present in archaic northern Littoral dialects.
  • Simplification of irregular nouns into regular.
  • Change of non-final vowels in endings to a (e. g. gospodama)

Many different endings can also appear in general colloquial speech:

  • Many masculine nouns can either follow n-stem or t-stem declension, especially those following a-stem declension and those ending in -el(j).
  • Ending -i instead of -je in nominative plural for masculine o-stems.
  • Loss of dual, especially when ending in vowel + m + vowel.

There are also some obsolete styles of declension lost in modern Slovene:

  • No distinction between soft and hard stems. (the current differences occurred in 19th century)
  • Noun gospod still followed i-stem declension up to 19th century.
  • Dative and locative were the same for nominal declensions in 15th century.
  • Feminine a-stem had ending either -o or -oj in instrumental singular.
  • Comparative and superlative used to be indeclinable.
  • Superlative used to be formed with nȁr-.
  • Special endings for vocative case.

Declension with tone changes

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In the southeastern part of Brda dialect, the modern vowel reduction was so developed that a new way of declining nouns was developed. Brda dialect lost the original tonal oppositions, but they developed them back in a new way, so more cases can be distinguished:

Masculine o-stem declension
Singular Dual Plural
Nominatve -̑a
Genitive -̑a -̑u
Dative -̑em ~ -̑əm
Accusative nom or gen -̑a
Locative -̑ix
Instrumental -̑əm -̑əm ~ -áːm
Vocative -̑a
Neuter o-stem declension
Singular Dual Plural
Nominatve -̑o
Genitive -̑a
Dative -̑em ~ -̑əm
Accusative -̑o
Locative -̑ix
Instrumental -̑əm -̑əm ~ -áːm
Vocative -̑o
Feminine a-stem declension
Singular Dual Plural
Nominatve -̑a
Genitive
Dative -̑em
Accusative
Locative -̑ix
Instrumental -áːm
Vocative -̑a

A similar thing also happens with i-stem nouns when the ending is -i.

References

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General

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  • Toporišič, Jože (2000). Slovenska slovnica / Jože Toporišič. - 4. prenovljena in razširjena izd (in Slovenian). Maribor: Obzorja. ISBN 961-230-171-9.
  • Toporišič, Jože (2001). "Slovaropisna pravila". Slovenski pravopis (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU. pp. 216–222. ISBN 961-6358-37-5.
  • "Sheme za tonemski naglas". Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika (PDF) (in Slovenian). Ljubljana. 2016. pp. 53–59.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Herrity, Peter (2000). Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar. London, New York: Routledge.
  • Greenberg, Marc (2006). "A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene". Kansas.

Dialectal declension

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Obsolete features

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  • Snoj, Marko (2013). "Zvalnik v slovenščini". Jezikovna svetovalnica [Language Counselling Service] (in Slovenian). Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  • Šekli, Matej (2018). Legan Ravnikar, Andreja (ed.). Tipologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov (in Slovenian). Translated by Plotnikova, Anastasija. Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU. ISBN 978-961-05-0137-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Toporišič, Jože (1979). Slovenski knjižni jezik 2 (in Slovenian) (5th ed.). Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU.
  • Toporišič, Jože (1979). Slovenski knjižni jezik 3 (in Slovenian) (2nd ed.). Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU.
  • Toporišič, Jože (2000). Slovenska slovnica / Jože Toporišič. - 4. prenovljena in razširjena izd (in Slovenian). Maribor: Obzorja. ISBN 961-230-171-9.
  • Toporišič, Jože (2003). Škrabčevo oblikoslovje iz 90. let 19. stoletja (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

Examples

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