Beja, Portugal
Beja | |
|---|---|
.JPG)  .jpg)  _(cropped).jpg) .jpg) Beja Castle, Nossa Senhora da Conceição Convent, Interior of Beja Castle, the Castle Watchtower, Republic Square, Santa Maria da Feira church | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
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| Coordinates: 38°02′N 7°53′W / 38.033°N 7.883°W | |
| Country |  Portugal |
| Region | Alentejo |
| Intermunic. comm. | Baixo Alentejo |
| District | Beja |
| Parishes | 11 |
| Government | |
| • President | Paulo Arsénio (PS) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1,146.44 km2 (442.64 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 35,854 |
| • Density | 31/km2 (81/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |
| Local holiday | Ascension Day (date varies) |
| Website | www |
Beja (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈbɛʒɐ] ) is a city and a municipality in the Alentejo region, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 35,854,[1] in an area of 1,146.44 km2 (442.64 sq mi).[2] The city proper had a population of 21,658 in 2001.[3]
The municipality is the capital of the Beja District. The municipal holiday is Ascension Day. The Portuguese Air Force has an airbase in the area – the Air Base No. 11.
History
[edit]
Situated on a 277-metre (909 ft) hill, commanding a strategic position over the vast plains of the Baixo Alentejo, Beja was already an important place in antiquity. Already inhabited in Celtic times,[4][better source needed] the town was later named Pax Julia by Julius Caesar in 48 BCE, when he made peace with the Lusitanians. He raised the town to be the capital of the southernmost province of Lusitania (Santarém and Braga were the other capitals of the conventi). During the reign of emperor Augustus the thriving town became Pax Augusta. It was already then a strategic road junction.
When the Visigoths took over the region, they called the town Paca (a direct derivation or shortening of the Latin Pax or Pace-Augusta) which then became the seat of a bishopric. Saint Aprígio (died in 530) became the first Visigothic bishop of Paca. The town fell to the invading Umayyad army in 713. Paca, was then adapted to Arabic Baja (Arabic: باجة there's no sound for "p" in Arabic), and eventually became Beja.[5]
Starting in 910 there were successive attempts of conquest and reconquest by the Christian kings. With the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031, Beja became a taifa, an independent Muslim-ruled principality. In 1144 the governor of Beja, Sidray ibn Wazir, helped the rebellion of the Murīdūn (disciples) led by Abul-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Quasi in the Algarve against power of Seville. In 1150 the town was captured by an army of the Almohads, who annexed it to their North African empire. It was retaken in 1162 by Fernão Gonçalves, leading the army of the Portuguese king Afonso I. It must have been abandoned by the Portuguese because in 1172 Gerald the Mercenary captured the town from the Muslims and before departing from it the medieval Arab city was reduced to rubble and left desolate. A scarce 200 men and their families returned to the city rebuilding once more but a mere 6 years later [when the Almohad caliph crossed the straits to Morocco] in 1178, the Portuguese under Afonso I launched an expedition against the city. The entire population fled to Mertola thus bringing a definitive end to Muslim inhabitation of Beja. It stayed under Muslim rule [most likely only inhabited by a garrison] till 1234 when king Sancho II finally recaptured the town from the Moors.
All these wars depopulated the town and gradually reduced it to rubble. Only with Manuel I in 1521 did Beja again reach the status of city. It was attacked and occupied by the Portuguese and the Spanish armies during the Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1667).
Beja became again the head of a bishopric in 1770, more than a thousand years after the fall of the Visigothic city. In 1808 Napoleonic troops under General Junot sacked the city and massacred the inhabitants.
Jewish History
[edit]Jews had already been living in Beja by the time the Kingdom of Portugal was established in the 12th century. Clauses regarding Jews are mentioned in the town's first charter. When the Jews were expelled from Portugal, Beja became a center for crypto-Judaism. The surname Beja was common among Sephardim living in other parts of Europe and the Middle East, presumably the descendants of those who were expelled, as it was common for Sephardic Jews to take on the surnames of the towns they were expelled from.[6]
Geography
[edit]Climate
[edit]Due to its southernmost inland location with the descending winds of the subtropics and low precipitation, especially in summer, the city has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa).[7] It is the hottest main city in Portugal and one of the hottest places in Europe during summer. Between 2001 and 2018 it had the hottest summer of any main city in the country. Although mild by European standards, Beja has relatively cool winters, while summers are long and hot.
The high in January is around 14 °C (57 °F) while the July and August highs are around 33 °C (91 °F), however in the last few years there has been an increase, to around 34-36°C+.[8] The January low is 5 °C (41 °F) and in July and August is 16 °C (61 °F). The annual mean temperature is around 17 °C (63 °F). The average total rainfall in a year is 558 mm (22.0 in).[9][10]
Snow is rare but may occur on a few occasions in a century, the last major snowfall having happened on January 10, 2009.[11] The year 2005 was particularly dry in Portugal and Beja suffered devastating forest fires in the surrounding rural areas contributing to the desertification that affects Alentejo.[12][13]
| Climate data for Beja (Santiago Maior), elevation: 246 m or 807 ft, 1981-2010 normals, 1981-present extremes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.0 (71.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
30.0 (86.0) |
35.3 (95.5) |
40.0 (104.0) |
45.4 (113.7) |
45.2 (113.4) |
45.4 (113.7) |
43.3 (109.9) |
35.0 (95.0) |
28.1 (82.6) |
22.0 (71.6) |
45.4 (113.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
15.5 (59.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
29.9 (85.8) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.1 (91.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) |
10.8 (51.4) |
13.4 (56.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
17.7 (63.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
22.4 (72.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
13.6 (56.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
16.9 (62.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
6.0 (42.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
16.4 (61.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.7 (27.1) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
0.3 (32.5) |
3.3 (37.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
7.5 (45.5) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 65.7 (2.59) |
55.0 (2.17) |
40.5 (1.59) |
58.8 (2.31) |
43.3 (1.70) |
13.1 (0.52) |
2.4 (0.09) |
4.0 (0.16) |
29.5 (1.16) |
71.5 (2.81) |
76.5 (3.01) |
97.7 (3.85) |
558 (22.0) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 166.7 | 158.8 | 225.6 | 253.1 | 292.4 | 340.2 | 373.2 | 340.0 | 262.6 | 208.8 | 177.3 | 148.1 | 2,933.3 |
| Source 1: IPMA[10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Météo Climat 1981-2010 (sunshine values)
"Moyennes 1981/2010 Beja". Baseline climate means (1981–2010) from stations all over the world. Météo Climat. Retrieved 14 July 2020. | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Beja (Santiago Maior), elevation: 247 m or 810 ft, 1961-1990 normals and extremes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.0 (71.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.8 (85.6) |
36.7 (98.1) |
43.3 (109.9) |
42.7 (108.9) |
41.4 (106.5) |
42.0 (107.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
28.1 (82.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
43.3 (109.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.8 (56.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
23.7 (74.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.5 (90.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
23.2 (73.8) |
17.5 (63.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.9 (62.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
16.2 (61.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
5.9 (42.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
7.9 (46.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.5 (47.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
0.3 (32.5) |
2.3 (36.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
6.4 (43.5) |
3.2 (37.8) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 81.0 (3.19) |
80.0 (3.15) |
54.0 (2.13) |
60.0 (2.36) |
36.0 (1.42) |
23.0 (0.91) |
2.0 (0.08) |
3.0 (0.12) |
22.0 (0.87) |
65.0 (2.56) |
76.0 (2.99) |
83.0 (3.27) |
585 (23.05) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.0 | 10.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 3.0 | trace | 1.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 68 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81 | 79 | 72 | 70 | 64 | 56 | 50 | 50 | 56 | 68 | 76 | 81 | 67 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 148.0 | 147.0 | 195.0 | 219.0 | 282.0 | 298.0 | 357.0 | 336.0 | 245.0 | 199.0 | 158.0 | 142.0 | 2,726 |
| Source: NOAA[14] | |||||||||||||
Human geography
[edit]
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 11 civil parishes (freguesias):[15]
- Albernoa e Trindade
- Baleizão
- Beja (Salvador e Santa Maria da Feira)
- Beja (Santiago Maior e São João Baptista)
- Beringel
- Cabeça Gorda
- Nossa Senhora das Neves
- Salvada e Quintos
- Santa Clara de Louredo
- Santa Vitória e Mombeja
- São Matias
- Trigaches e São Brissos
International relations
[edit]Beja is twinned with:
Architecture
[edit]Castle
[edit]
The Castle of Beja on top of the hill can be seen from afar and dominates the town. It was built, together with the town walls, under the reign of King Diniz in the 13th century over the remains of a Roman castellum that had been fortified by the Moors. It consists of battlement walls with four square corner towers and a central granite and marble keep (Torre de Menagem), with its height of 40 m the highest in Portugal. The top of the keep can be accessed via a spiral staircase with 197 steps, passing three stellar-vaulted rooms with Gothic windows. The merlons of the machicolation around the keep are topped with small pyramids. Standing on the battlements, one has a sensational panorama of the surrounding landscape. One can also glimpse the remains of the city walls that once had forty turrets and five gates. The castle now houses a small military museum.
The square in front of the castle is named after Gonçalo Mendes da Maia or O Lidador, a brave knight killed in the battle against the Moors in 1170.
Visigothic Museum
[edit]The whitewashed Latin-Visigothic church of Santo Amaro, dedicated to Saint Amaro, standing next to the castle, is one of just four pre-Romanesque churches left in Portugal. Some parts date from the 6th century and the interior columns and capitals are carved with foliages and geometric designs from the 7th century. Especially the column with birds attacking a snake is of particular note. It houses today a small archaeological museum with Visigothic art.
Museum of Queen Eleanor
[edit]This regional museum was set up in 1927 and 1928 in the former Convent of Our Lady of the Conception (Convento de Nossa Senhora da Conceição) of the Order of Poor Ladies (dissolved in 1834), gradually expanding its collection. This Franciscan convent had been established in 1459 by Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu and duke of Beja, next to his ducal palace. The construction continued until 1509.
It is an impressive building with a late-Gothic lattice-worked architrave running along the building. This elegant architrave resembles somewhat the architrave of the Monastery of Batalha, even if there are some early-Manueline influences. Above the entrance porch on the western façade is an ajimez window (a mullioned window) in Manueline and Moorish style in the room of the abbess, originating from the demolished palace of the dukes of Beja. The entrance door is embedded under an ogee arch. A square bell-tower and a spire with crockets tower above the complex. The convent has been classified as a national monument.
The entrance hall leads to the sumptuously gilded Baroque chapel, consisting of a single nave under a semi-circular vault. Three altars (one of the 17th century, dedicated to St. John the Evangelist, and two of the 18th century, dedicated to St. Christopher and St. Bento) are decorated with gilded woodwork (talha dourada). The fourth altar, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, was decorated with Florentine mosaics by José Ramalho in 1695.
On the wall are three religious azulejos dating from 1741, depicting scenes from the life of St. John the Baptist
The refectory and the claustro are decorated with exquisite azulejos, some dating from Moorish times, others from the 16th to the 18th centuries.
One enters the chapter house through a Manueline portal from the quadra of St. John the Evangelist. The ribbed vault of this square room was distempered during the renovations of 1727. The walls are covered with Arab-Hispanic azulejos with geometric and vegetal designs that are among the most important ceramic decorations in Portugal. Above the azulejos are some semicircular distempered paintings with religious themes: St. John the Baptist, St. John the Evangelist, St. Christopher, St. Clare and St. Francis of Assisi.
The museum houses also an important collection of Flemish, Spanish and Portuguese paintings from the 15th to the 18th centuries, among them:
- Flemish paintings: Virgin with Milk; Flemish School (c. 1530) and "Christ and His Apostles" (16th century)
- Portuguese paintings: Ecce Homo (15th century), "St. Vincent by Vicente Gil and Manuel Vicente (16th century), "Virgin with the Rose" by Francisco Campos (16th century), "Mass of St. Gregory" probably by Gregório Lopes (16th century), "Annunciation" (16th century) and four paintings by António Nogueira (16th century), "Last Supper" by Pedro Alexandrino (17th century).
- Spanish paintings: St. Augustine, St. Jerome and "Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew" by José de Ribera (Spanish, 17th century), Head of Saint John the Baptist (Spanish School, 17th century)
The museum houses also the funeral monuments in late-Gothic style of the first abbess D. Uganda and of the Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu and his wife Beatriz of Portugal.
The archaeological collection of Fernando Nunes Ribeiro, donated to museum in 1987 after forty years of archaeological research, is on display on the upper floors: Visigothic and Roman artefacts, gravestones from the Bronze Age with antique writings of the Iberians and steles from the Iron Age.
Among the several other artefacts in its collection, the museum possesses the Escudela de Pero de Faria, a unique piece of Chinese porcelain from 1541.
Museums and monuments
[edit]
- Castle of Beja
- Medieval city wall with various gates, e.g. Porta de Mértola, Porta de Aljustrel
- Regional Museum (Housed in the Convent of Beja)
- Museological Core of Sembrano's Street
- Visigotic Core of the Regional Museum (Housed in the Church of Santo Amaro)
- Old Stone Pillory
- Roman ruins of Pisões
- Jorge Vieira's Art Museum
Historical churches
[edit]- Cathedral of St. James the Great, Beja
- Hermitage of Saint Andrew
- Church of Saint Amaro / Visigothic Core of the Regional Museum of Beja
- Church of Mercy
- Convent of Our Lady of Conception (Convent of Beja) / REGIONAL MUSEUM
- Convent of Saint Francis (presently a historical hotel)
- Church of Santa Maria da Feira (originally built as a mosque)
- Church of Our Lady of Pleasures
- Church of Our Lady at the Foot of the Cross
- Church of Our Lady of Peace
- Church of the Savior
- Church of Our Lady of Carmo
- St. Stephen's Chapel
- Saint Sebastian's Hermitage
- Convent of Saint Anthony
Urban green spaces
[edit]- Jardim Gago Coutinho e Sacadura Cabral is a well-kept public park in the centre with several monuments, fountains, a pergola and a pavilion.[17] The park is named after two pilots, Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho, who were the first Portuguese who crossed the South Atlantic by plane in 1922. A large and sightworthy painting consisting of tiles can be seen on the entrance gate. It refers to the liberation of Beja during the reconquista.
- City Park
- Picnic Park (Close to the City Park)
Economy
[edit]Known as the breadbasket of Portugal, the region's agriculture is a mainstay of the local economy. It produces wheat, wine and olives. Tourism has also importance due to sunny weather, a long history and many cultural attractions including a 13th-century castle and a number of museums.
Transportation
[edit]The military airport of Beja, 9 kilometres away, has been converted and was opened for civilian flights in 2011. The Portuguese wet lease airline Hi Fly operated its Airbus A380, purchased second-hand in 2018, from Beja, as well as other airplanes of its fleet.[citation needed]
A highway was constructed to link Beja to the deepwater port of Sines about 60 kilometres away.
Beja railway station is the terminus of the Linha do Alentejo railway.
Education
[edit]Higher education
[edit]Schools
[edit]- EB 2,3 Santiago Maior School
- EB 2,3 Mário Beirão School
- EB 2,3 Santa Maria School
- D. Manuel I - High School
- Diogo Gouveia - High School
- Regional Music Conservatory from Baixo Alentejo
Culture
[edit]Cultural places
[edit]- Beja Public Library
- Pax Julia Theater
- Casa da Culture (meaning House of Culture)
Events
[edit]- Ovibeja
- Patrimónios do Sul
- Beja Romana (Historical Recreation from Roman Times)
- International Comics Festival
- Palavras Andarilhas
Notable citizens
[edit]
- Abu al-Walid al-Baji (c. 1013–c.1081) a goldsmith and Maliki scholar
- Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad (1040–1095), the third and last ruler of the taifa of Seville in Al-Andalus.
- Gonçalo Mendes da Maia (1079–1170) a knight in the service of Afonso Henriques, responsible for border defence of Beja.
- Queen Eleanor of Viseu (1458–1525) an infanta (princess) and later queen consort of Portugal.
- Diogo de Gouveia (c.1471-1557) a teacher, theologian, diplomat and humanist during the Renaissance.
- André de Gouveia (1497–1548) a humanist and pedagogue during the Renaissance.
- António de Gouveia (c.1505–1566) a humanist and educator during the Renaissance.
- Mariana Alcoforado (1640–1723) a nun who wrote the Letters of a Portuguese Nun
- José Agostinho de Macedo (1761–1831) a Portuguese poet and prose writer
- Tomás António Garcia Rosado (1854–1937) an infantry officer, general of the Portuguese Army, Governor of Mozambique, 1902-1905 and Ambassador to the UK, 1926-1934.
- António Maria Baptista (1866–1920) a military officer and politician, President of the Ministry in 1920
- Deolinda Lopes Vieira (1888–1993) a teacher, an anarcho-syndicalist activist and feminist
- Mário Beirão (1890–1965) a Portuguese poet
- Maria Lucília Estanco Louro (1922–2018) a teacher, pacifist and opponent of the Estado Novo regime
- Catarina Eufémia (1928–1954) a harvester and political murder victim in Beja
- Linda de Suza (born 1948) a singer, actress and best-selling author[18]
- Tonicha (born 1946) real name Antónia de Jesus Montes Tonicha, a pop-folk singer.
- Cândida Branca Flor (1949–2001) an entertainer and traditional singer[19]
- Carlos Moedas (born 1970) European Commissioner 2014-2019
- António Zambujo (born 1975) a singer and songwriter
Sport
[edit]- Fernando Mamede (born 1951), a former athlete, a long distance running specialist
- Quim (born 1967), real name Joaquim Manuel Aguiar Serafim, a retired footballer with 436 for Vitória F.C.
- Pedro Caixinha (born 1970), a football manager
- Manuel Damião (born 1978), a middle- and long-distance runner
- China (born 1982), real name João Pedro dos Santos Gonçalves, a footballer with over 350 club caps
- João Aurélio (born 1988), a professional footballer with over 300 club caps
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Ine.pt. Retrieved on 2015-10-27.
- ^ "Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país". Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
- ^ UMA POPULAÇÃO QUE SE URBANIZA, Uma avaliação recente – Cidades, 2004 Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Nuno Pires Soares, Instituto Geográfico Português (Geographic Institute of Portugal)
- ^ La contribution de la prospection géomagnétique pour la compréhension de la paléoforme de Matabodes (Beja, Portugal) | António José Marques da Silva. Academia.edu (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2015-10-27.
- ^ "Beja | Dicionário Infopédia de Toponímia".
- ^ "Beja, Portugal". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ "Beja, Portugal Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
- ^ "Temperatura máxima do ar no mês mais quente do ano (Média mensal)".
- ^ Potes, Miguel Joaquim Fernandes (2008). "Climatologia e qualidade da água na Bacia Hidrográfica do Guadiana". dspace.uevora.pt. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
- ^ a b "Monthly Averages for Beja, Portugal (1981-2010)" (PDF). Instituto de Meteorologia. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
- ^ "Nevão deixou a região de Beja branca". www.jn.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-04-20.
- ^ Dias, Carlos (19 November 2009). "Alentejo pode estar a caminho da pior seca de sempre". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-04-20.
- ^ Manha, Correio da. "Mais de 5 mil com falta de água". www.cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-04-20.
- ^ "Beja (08562) - WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
- ^ Diário da República. "Law nr. 11-A/2013, pages 552 24–25" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 July 2014.
- ^ "Geminações de Cidades e Vilas". ANMP. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
- ^ "Município de Beja - Jardim Público de Beja/Jardim Gago Coutinho e Sacadura Cabral".
- ^ Linda De Suza, IMDb Database retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ Cândida Branca Flor, IMDb Database retrieved 10 June 2021.
Sources
[edit]- Ellingham, Mark; Brown, Jules; Fisher, John; Kenyon, Graham; Hancock, Matthew (1 March 2005), The Rough Guide to Portugal (11 ed.), Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-438-X
- Rentes de Carvalho, J. (1 August 1999), Portugal, um guia para amigos (in Dutch) (9 ed.), Amsterdam, Netherlands: Arbeiderspers, ISBN 90-295-3466-4
- Lefcourt, Charles R. (September 1976). "Did Guilleragues Write "The Portuguese Letters"?". Hispania. 59 (3): 493–497. doi:10.2307/340526. JSTOR 340526.
- Owen, Hilary (1997). "The Love Letters of Mariana Alcoforado". Cultura. 16 (14).
External links
[edit]
- Town Hall official website
- Museum Queen Eleanor (in Portuguese)
- Carmel of Beja (in Portuguese)
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